二十世纪的最初十年,清政府致力于推动各项政治改革,力图将中国变成一个主权完整的民族国家。为此,它做出了颇多努力,具体表现为对国际法的重视、对边疆地区新政改革的推动,以及积极进行修约的尝试。然而,作为一个权威资源不断流失、日趋衰落的政府,清政府在建构主权国家的过程中面临着一系列困境。清政府覆亡后,民初的北洋政府更加衰弱,它同样难以承担起构建主权国家的重任。 In the first decade of the twentieth century, the Qing government was committed to pushing forward various political reforms and trying to turn China into a sovereign and complete nation state. To this end, it has done a great deal of effort, in particular by attaching importance to international law, promoting the reform of the new political system in the border areas, and actively trying to revise the treaty. However, as a declining and deteriorating government with authoritative resources, the Qing government faces a series of difficulties in its construction. After the fall of the Qing government, the Beiyang government in the early Republican period was even more weakened, and it was equally difficult to assume the important task of building a sovereign nation.