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新型大环化合物的设计与合成一直以来都是超分子化学的研究热点。冠醚、环糊精、杯芳烃和葫芦脲等经典大环分子,以及柱芳烃等新兴大环分子的发展丰富了超分子化学的研究内容。其中,官能团功能化的大环化合物被广泛应用于化学传感器、分子机器、仿生系统、超分子催化、刺激响应体系、功能材料以及药物传递等众多领域。葫芦脲大环具有一个刚性的疏水空腔,由于其独特而优秀的水相识别能力而备受关注。然而,相对于其他大环化合物,葫芦脲由于其官能团功能化难题而发展相当缓慢。近年来,葫芦脲大环官能团功能化的研究获得了巨大的突破,将葫芦脲大环的主客体识别性质从传统的超分子化学拓展到生物化学、材料化学以及药物化学等交叉研究领域。本文重点总结葫芦脲大环官能团功能化现阶段的研究进展,并对其合成方法进行简单明晰的总结与展望。
The design and synthesis of novel macrocyclic compounds have long been the focus of supramolecular chemistry. Crown ether, cyclodextrin, calixarene and cucurbituril and other macrocyclic macromolecules, as well as the development of new macrocyclic molecules such as aromatic hydrocarbons enriched the research content of supramolecular chemistry. Among them, functionalized macrocycles are widely used in many fields such as chemical sensors, molecular machines, biomimetic systems, supramolecular catalysis, stimulus response systems, functional materials and drug delivery. The cucurbituril macrocycle has a rigid, hydrophobic cavity that draws much attention due to its unique and outstanding water-phase recognition capability. However, cucurbiturins develop rather slowly due to their functional group functional problems relative to other macrocyclic compounds. In recent years, the research on the functionalization of cucurbituril macrocyclic functional groups has made a huge breakthrough, which extends the host-guest recognition properties of the cucurbituril macrocycle from the traditional supramolecular chemistry to the cross-field research such as biochemistry, material chemistry and medicinal chemistry. This article mainly summarizes the research progress of functionalization of cucurbituril macrocyclic functional groups, and summarizes and prospects its synthetic methods briefly.