清代通过设置多层次的行政处分提出方式,将官僚群体的行政行为均纳入监督范围。作为对地方官员进行行政处分的最主要的提出主体,清代的督抚通过其享有的题参权对下级官员的违法违纪行为进行参劾。督抚题参的主要依据是根据其所属下级官员的揭报,下级官员可以就其同僚或上司的任何违法违纪行为向督抚报告。督抚题参的案件内容极为广泛,凡关涉官员违法违纪、失察、失职的情形,诸如司法、经济、公共福利、文化教育等方面事务均在其题参之列。然而,由于清代设置的官员连带责任过重,督抚徇庇属员、通同掩饰之弊也就成为督抚题参属员行政处分环节无法回避的现实。 By setting multi-level administrative sanctions in the Qing Dynasty, the administrative behaviors of the bureaucratic groups are all included in the scope of supervision. As the chief proponent of administrative sanctions against local officials, the governor of Qing dynasty made reference to the violations of law and discipline of lower-level officials through his entitled title. The main basis of the supervisor’s question is that according to the disclosure of its subordinate officials, the subordinate officials may report to the supervisor any violation of laws or disciplines by their colleagues or superiors. The contents of the cases of supervisors and senators are extremely broad. Where the officials concerned violate the law or discipline, they are overstated, overstated, and neglected. Cases such as judiciary, economy, public welfare, culture and education are all included in the list. However, due to the joint and several liability of officials set up in the Qing dynasty, governors tried to hide their faults, which in the meantime has become an unavoidable reality in the administrative sanctions imposed on members of the supervisory staff.