This article attempts to provide a brief mapping of the state of youth employment and entrepreneurship across the world， identifying major trends and challenges facing young people as well as successful programmes and finally gaps in programming that could be addressed.
　　本文将尝试概述全球青年就业和创业的局势，明确青年面对的主要趋势和挑战，介绍成功的项目，并分析项目制定中存在的问题以及解决方案。
　　Background
　　背景
　　Youth unemployment has been on the increase worldwide augmented by the global economic crises that erased many of the gains made in previous years. Improved education levels are no longer a guarantee against unemployment， a trend particularly evident in the Middle East and North Africa （MENA） where the demand side of the labour market is poor， especially so for youth . In the Asia-Pacific region according to the World Bank the young account for almost half of the regions unemployed， while Africa the youngest continent in the world， despite its impressive and consistent annual growth rates cannot also provide enough employment opportunities.
　　青年失业在全世界范围内与日俱增，且这一趋势随着全球经济危机的爆发日渐加深。中东和北非国家的失业现象表明，劳动力市场针对青年的需求十分薄弱，这有效证明高质量、高水平的教育已不再是对抗失业的绝对保证。世界银行的研究显示，在亚太地区，年轻人将近占总失业人数的一半。尽管非洲是世界上最年轻的大洲，且其经济增长率每年以惊人的速度持续攀长，仍旧无法提供充足的就业机会。
　　Unemployment Trends
　　失业趋势
　　According to the ILO Global Employment Trends Youth 2013 Report， the ILO identified several trends in youth unemployment including：
　　· The Global Economic Crisis has substantially increased youth unemployment reversing previous trends.
　　· Youth unemployment has increased faster than adult unemployment possibly because youth are the most vulnerable to economic shocks.
　　· Longer recovery for youth than adults in the labour market.
　　根据国际劳工组织2013全球就业趋势青年报告，青年失业呈现以下态势：
　　·全球经济危机使青年失业持续加剧，呈现与之前相反的态势。
　　·青年失业的增速比成年人失业增长更快，可能由于青年是最易受经济危机冲击的群体。
　　·在劳动力市场中，青年需要比成年人更长时间的恢复期。
　　Skills mismatch， lack of quality employment， a lack of long term creative and wide ranging polices are also cited as reasons for continued and increasing youth unemployment.
　　Unemployment also continued to worsen in the developed world in relative and absolute terms and in Europe young males are affected more than young women.
　　In low income developing countries youth suffer from weak demand for their labour and low rates of job creation coupled with little if any social security services. High employment to population ratios of youth in the poorest region reflect that they must work however working does not mean having a decent job. Growing frustration over unemployment has pushed large cohorts of discouraged youth to drop out of the labour market altogether. 　　技能的不匹配、优质就业机会的缺乏和可长期广泛应用的创新政策的缺失，也是青年失业持续增长的原因。
　　失业现象在发达国家也日渐加剧，无论是在增幅还是增量方面。在欧洲，男性青年受影响的情况比女性青年更加严重。
　　在低收入的发展中国家，青年遭受就业市场需求低、岗位新增量低和社会服务几近缺失的影响。在最贫困的地区，相较人口总量偏高的就业率显示青年人必须工作，但工作不意味着他们拥有体面的职业。失业带来的挫折使大批量的年轻人退出劳动力市场。
　　In Europe， unemployment has worsened in many states that face the Global Economic crisis for example in Spain， Ireland and Greece the rate almost doubled reversing gains made in the early 2000’s. This will lead to lower expectations and diminishing returns and incentives for undertaking education especially at a higher level.
　　From a Global perspective then across all regions economies are simply unable to absorb large numbers of youth who enter the labour market. Temporary unemployment while gaining work experience or education causes reliance on dependency structures such as government assistance and family which are not robust enough in many developing nations. Employers are also unwilling to invest in youth to develop their skills and as a result of their inexperience they are often the first to be let go. Where the youth are educated particularly in the developing world their education or skill sets do not match the market needs.
　　However， youth can be the drivers of change if they are empowered with relevant skills and resources. The paradox of youth unemployment is that ineffective absorption rates tend to push well educated youth overseas thus often creating a brain drain and depriving communities of the very talent needed for economic advancement.
　　在欧洲，全球经济危机使许多国家失业情况加重。例如西班牙、爱尔兰和希腊，其失业率几乎是其19世纪早期所创造的就业率的两倍。这会导致青年降低期望，减少接受高等教育的动力。
　　从全球视角来说，各地区的经济都不足以吸收大量进入劳动力市场的青年人。临时失业使人们更依靠依赖性的关系结构，如政府和家庭资助，来获得工作或教育经历，这在多数发展中国家不足以形成稳固的就业平台。雇主们也不愿意投资对青年进行技术培训，且青年缺乏经验，通常是首先被淘汰的群体。当青年获得了教育机会，尤其是在发展中国家，他们所学习的技能并不能匹配市场需求。
　　然而，如果青年被赋予相应的技能和资源，他们可以成为改变的驱动者。但矛盾的是，青年失业将受过高等教育的年轻人推向海外，寻求与其脑力相适应的工作，这就剥夺了其所在社区利用高等人才发展经济的机会。
　　The Informal Economy
　　非正规经济
　　In many developing countries the informal sector accounts for between 35% and 50% of the economy and serves as a seedbed for entrepreneurship by necessity as a means of subsistence. The informal sector while enjoying a lack of taxation does suffer from An absenceof the formal protections and opportunities granted to formal businesses including credit. Programatic approaches then should work on the transition to the formal sector particularly through the lowering of barriers. The acquisition of formality allows new opportunities for the poor but must be accompanied by efforts at improving the conditions for entrepreneurs across the board. 　　很多发展中国家非正规部门经济占全国经济的35%到50%，并且作为谋生的必要方式成为创业者的温床。非正规经济在享受无税收烦扰的同时，却面对着缺乏正规保护，缺少信贷等正规经济机遇的问题。因此比较切实的方法应该是通过降低门槛使其过渡到正规部门。获取正规地位能够给穷人带来新的机会，但是必须同时全面提高创业者的境况。
　　Entrepreneurship and Youth
　　创业与青年
　　Entrepreneurs are viewed as innovators and risk takers and need to be in possession of certain features including a strong internal locus of control and risk taking propensity. However， because many youth take up entrepreneurship unwillingly simply as a means of subsistence they may not possess these qualities. Opportunity driven entrepreneurs as opposed to necessity driven ones pursue a market opportunity despite having other chances to earn a living. Young entrepreneurs also need a level of entrepreneurship readiness which should be taken into consideration by policy makers. However， these are not a homogenous group and policy makers should use a common yet differentiated approach to adapt to local contexts.
　　创业者一般被视为创新者，勇于承担风险者，并且具备强大的内控力和承担风险的性格等特质。但是由于很多青年选择创业仅仅是糊口需要，并非自身喜欢创业，所以很可能不具备这些特质。然而那些机会驱动的创业者与仅仅为了糊口的青年不同，他们尽管面对其他谋生机会，仍旧选择追求市场机遇。青年创业者也应该对创业做好一定的准备，这是决策者应该考虑的。然而，他们并非是完全同质的群体，决策者应采用一个统一但又针对不同地域有所区别的方法。
　　Entrepreneurs also play a critical role in the creation of employment opportunities. In this regard the International Labour Organisation， ILO carries out significant technical and promotional activities to assist governments， employers and workers organisations in creating decent and better jobs in countries around the world. It must be remembered that enterprise is at the heart of job creation and a means to fill the supply side gap. In the last decade the majority of new job opportunities have been created in the informal rather than the formal sector. However， informal sector workers are often exploited， poorly paid and lack social protection.
　　创业者对创造就业机会也有重要作用。国际劳工组织在这方面采取了重要的技术推动举措，协助政府、雇主和员工在世界各地创造体面的、更好的工作。必须明确企业是创造就业的核心，也是填补供应方空缺的关键途径。在过去十年，非正规部门创造了绝大多数的新岗位。然而，非正规部门的员工经常遭受剥削，薪资微薄，并且缺少社会保护。
　　The Private Sector and the Social Entrepreneur
　　私营部门和社会创业者
　　Corporate Social Responsibility （CSR） and Social Entrepreneurship are key ways in which the private sector can interact with youth empowerment and should be considered in any policy measures to tackle youth unemployment.
　　CSR can act as a valuable adjunct to public policies to assist youth. As entrepreneurship rises as a source of work for young people interaction with the private sector becomes critical.
　　For example in India， Nokia working in conjunction with Oxfam India launched a Youth focussed fellowship programme which encourages sustainable consumption through Art-Design and media based youth projects developed by the selected “fellows”. These participants build innovate social action projects conducted by Youth Led organisations. 　　企业社会责任和社会创业者是私营部门与青年赋权协作的重要方式，任何政策制定中都应考虑这一点，以解决青年失业问题。
　　企业社会责任作为公共政策的重要补充，能够帮助到青年。随着创业成为青年人的工作来源，与私营部门的协作变得十分重要。
　　比如在印度，诺基亚与乐施会印度分会共同启动了关注青年的奖学金项目，鼓励由优秀的“研究员”所开发的艺术设计和以传媒为主的青年项目的可持续性发展。这些参加者完成了创新社会行动项目，这些项目是由青年领导组织执行的。
　　The concept of social entrepreneurship has risen to prominence within the past two decades and can be defined as someone who plays the role of a change agent but whose end goal unlike the entrepreneur is not just profit but they also seek to create and sustain social values and has a sense of accountability to the constituencies they operate in.
　　For example the YES Network is a social enterprise which nurtures visionary change makers helping them to become social entrepreneurs who innovate and co create positive changes in society. In addition to training programs YES also acts as an incubator for early stage social enterprise start-ups.
　　Social enterprise SELCO based in India for example designs solar energy products customized for households and small businesses located in off-grid rural areas. These units， priced from US$ 160-300， deliver better lighting， additional income for small businesses， and create jobs for young entrepreneurs engaged in installations and maintenance. To date， SELCO has provided customized solar energy solutions and affordable long-term financing to over 600，000 people and small businesses in rural areas in India. According to SELCO’s founder Dr. Hande， “Social entrepreneurs cannot develop a real solution just using a business plan and doing some rural tourism” ， “Nothing replaces the rigour of being out in the field and actually implementing and refining a solution in partnership with the poor.” He also points out the importance of Investing in personal relationships. Hande explains： “I keep telling young social entrepreneurs to develop friendships. I became friends with local bank managers and their assistants. （http：//reports.weforum.org/social-innovation-2013/view/selco/）
　　社会创业的概念在最近二十年渐渐被人关注，虽然承担着社会变革者的角色，其最终目标仍不同于一般创业者，它不仅仅为了追求利润，也寻求创造和弘扬社会价值，并且对于其所在的社区有一种责任感。
　　比如，YES网就是一家社会企业，它培养富有远见的变革者，帮助他们成为社会创业者，使其成为能够在社会中进行创新，并带动积极的变革。除了提供培训项目，YES也是早期社会创业者的孵化器。
　　印度的社会企业SELCO为没有电网的偏远乡村中的家庭和个体商户提供量身制作的太阳能产品。这些定价从160到300美元不等的产品能够为个体商户提供更好的照明，更多的收入，并且为从事安装维修的青年创业者创造就业岗位。迄今为止，SELCO已经为印度60多万人和个体商户提供了量身制作的太阳能解决方案和偿还得起的长期资金支持。SELCO创建者海德博士说，“社会企业仅仅采用一个商业计划，或者做一些乡村旅游是不能够提供真正的解决方案的”，“没有什么困难能够与深入穷乡僻壤，实实在在与那些贫穷的人们执行和改善一个解决方案的困难相比”。他还指出投资人际交往的重要性。他说，“我一直告诉青年社会创业者要广交朋友。我就与当地的银行经理和他们的助手成为了好朋友”。（http：//reports.weforum.org/social-innovation-2013/view/selco/） 　　Contextual Differences
　　环境差异
　　Most youth employment programmes tend to focus primarily on urban areas over rural areas possibly due to the greater range of opportunities available in urban areas. In rural areas challenges include inadequate market size， poor infrastructure， education and training， technological readiness and availability of research and training services. Rural areas also have different entrepreneurial profiles which need to be considered in programming approaches.
　　可能由于城市能提供更多的机遇，很多的青年就业项目倾向于关注城市，忽略农村。农村的困难之处在于市场不够大，基础设施差，教育和培训跟不上，技术配套不成熟，研究和培训服务不够普及。农村同样有不同的创业特征，这些在规划时就应被考虑到。
　　In conflict and post conflict areas necessity driven entrepreneurs are far more common than opportunity driven entrepreneurs. Growth expectations are considerably higher in conflict affected contexts although these initiatives often end up being undermined by the conflict. These areas also suffer from a lack of protection for investment poor infrastructure， and low levels of education and training act as severe constraints to growth. According to the World Bank 15 of the 20 poorest countries in the World have experienced periods of conflict since the 1980s. Nonetheless， post conflict reconstruction can be greatly aided by young entrepreneurs. Organisations such as the Business Council For Peace （BPeace） work on the principle that job creation leads to peace creation.
　　在战区和战后区，创业者更多地是为了糊口，而非追求机遇。战争肆虐的区域增长预期远高于其他地区，尽管最后结果往往被战争削弱。这些区域也缺少投资保护，基础设施恶劣，教育培训水平低下，这些都是增长的重大制约因素。世界银行称，世界上前20个最穷的国家中的15个国家在上个世纪80年代之后都曾爆发过战争。然而，青年创业者可以为战后重建做出巨大贡献。和平商业委员会（BPeace）之类的机构就致力于践行“创造就业即创造和平”这一信念。
　　Online Platforms
　　网上平台
　　These provide a key opportunity for new entrepreneurs to exploit and must be included in programmatic approaches. These provide access to a new community of potential clients and market segments and lower overhead costs.
　　The internet also provides an excellent platform for discussions on social development. For example the United Nations Programme on Youth and Employment which used E-platforms to enable youth led organizations and youth to share their views， experiences and recommendations on preparing for， entering and remaining active in the labour market.
　　网上平台为新兴创业者提供了重要的机遇，应被考虑在项目方案中。它们可以提供一个有潜在客户、细分市场和杂项成本更低的新社区。
　　因特网也为关于社会发展的讨论提供了一个绝佳的平台。比如，联合国青年与就业项目使用电子平台，帮助青年领导组织和青年分享观点、经验和建议，从而帮助青年为加入劳动市场做更好的准备并保持活跃。
　　Crowd funding is typically also done using online platforms to raise large amounts by collecting smaller amounts from individual donations for example but in large numbers， a tactic used in the first election campaign of the US president Barack Obama. There are many examples of crowd funding towards a charitable cause such as the funding of small loans on Kiva to entrepreneurs in Africa. 　　The use of crowd funding allows the impact of macro scale NGO and Government interventions to reach deep within communities via the use of social networks. It also provides access to capital for community businesses. A boom of crowd funding platforms in the Middle East is helping to give entrepreneurs easier access to capital — to a degree that may help address economic inequality and political instability. An entrepreneur proposes a business， charitable， or creative project on a crowd funding Website. If convinced， tens， hundreds， or even thousands of individuals commit relatively small amounts of capital to support the idea. Taken together， these contributions are often enough to propel the project from the idea stage to commercial reality. The crowd funding industry is in its infancy， but it topped $3 billion in global transactions in 2012 and may have exceeded $5 billion by the end of 2013. （Ref： http：//voices.mckinseyonsociety.com/jason-best-aamir-rehman-middle-east-crowdfunding/#sthash.x5r9V8i2.dpuf）
　　集体融资也是利用网上平台募集微小的个体捐助，从而汇聚成大额资金，比如，美国总统奥巴马第一次总统选举就是用的这个方法，当然他是募集大量的个体捐助。有关慈善事业的集体融资案例更多，比如非洲的基瓦（Kiva）就是为企业家提供小额贷款的融资项目。
　　集体融资也让大规模的非政府组织和政府干预通过社交网络扩展到社区。并且为社区商户提供资金渠道。中东地区集体融资平台的成功发展使企业家更容易筹到资金，并对解决经济不平等和社会不稳定有所帮助。一个企业家在一个集体融资的网址上发出一个商业、慈善或创造性的项目，如果被人信服，成百上千，甚至上万人将各自拿出相对较小额的资金支持他的这个想法。这些钱都加起来，往往足够资助这个项目从概念阶段过渡到一个商业现实。集体融资业目前虽然还在萌芽阶段，但是2012年已经达到全球交易额的30亿美元，并且有望在2013年年底前超过50亿。（参见： http：//voices.mckinseyonsociety.com/jason-best-aamir-rehman-middle-east-crowdfunding/#sthash.x5r9V8i2.dpuf）
　　Green Jobs
　　绿色工作
　　A newly emerging area is that of environmentally sustainable employment also known as Green Jobs. The ILO runs a “Green Jobs Programme” that works towards environmentally sustainable economic and social development. The jobs created then have reduced environmental impact and benefits from the organisations unique tripartite nature that combines government， employers and employees to jointly shape programmes. These jobs are diverse in that the approach can be applied to all sectors of the economy， across all segments and in urban and rural areas.
　　环境友好和可持续的就业是一个新兴领域，也被称为绿色工作。国际劳工组织实施的“绿色工作项目”致力于取得环境友好和可持续的经济社会进步。这种工作减少了环境损害，并且具有独一无二的特质，政府、雇主和员工共同参与制定计划。这类工作类型十分广泛，可以应用到农村和城市的所有经济领域和产业。
　　For example in Ghana， “ecopreneurs” seek to strike a balance between economics and the environment. For example， social forestry programmes provides jobs and sensitizes people about the significance of forest conservation and its benefits. The challenge lies in proving to investors that large scale plantation programmes would provide enough income to the villagers which will result in fewer trees being cut down. 　　比如在加纳，“ecopreneurs”（生态企业家）寻求在经济和环境之间找到平衡。例如，社会林业项目提供就业机会，并帮助人们加深对森林保护及其作用的了解。其困难在于向投资者证明，大型种植园项目能够给当地村民带来足够的收入，从而减少树木砍伐。
　　Gender and Entrepreneurship
　　性别与创业
　　Finding employment worldwide is a greater challenge for young women than men. Women are also involved in significant numbers in entrepreneurship worldwide. Women are influenced by many of the same factors that affect men when making entrepreneurial decisions but the systemically lower rate of female participation points to other differences. This gender gap is an avenue that needs further research and has the potential to be important for future planning of youth entrepreneurship policy and programmes.
　　In low income countries illiteracy encourages entrepreneurial activities but this effect is undone in the presence of welfare support or stable employment in both low and high income countries. Data also shows that women based businesses grow slower than male ones but that they use more bank loans and smaller start-up capital. In developing countries as a whole 34% of young women are expected to be unemployed which is affected by gender specific factors including a disproportionate share of unpaid domestic labour， lack of productive skills and contacts， opposition from male partners or family and employer preference for men over women.
　　全世界女性找工作都比男性会面对更多困难。女性创业者不在少数，她们在制定创业决策时受到的很多影响因素与男性相同，但是总体来看女性参与度更低，这说明还有其他的不公平因素存在。需要对性别差异进行进一步研究，未来对青年创业政策和项目规划要考虑到这一点。
　　在低收入国家，缺乏教育通常会刺激创业活动的开展，但是这种效力却往往被社会保障的支持和稳定的就业抵消，无论是在高收入还是低收入国家。数据还显示女性创业比男性增长更为缓慢，但是女性相比男性更倾向使用银行贷款和小额的启动资金。发展中国家34%的青年女性处于失业状态，原因是受到一系列因素影响，包括女性长时间的义务家务劳动，缺乏生产性技巧和人脉，遭到男性伴侣或家庭的反对，及雇主更倾向于雇佣男性。
　　Women’s issues in the market place have resulted in two types of responses， the “Latin American model” and the livelihoods approach. The Latin American model focuses on decentralized， gender-equitable vocational training with strong linkages to the local private sector. The livelihoods approach places more emphasis on peer group formation and the integration of sexual and reproductive health education with vocational and/or micro-enterprise training. While the generally positive effects of the Latin American approach on employment and earnings are well-documented， evaluations of livelihood programmes so far suggest more modest outcomes as far access to labour market is concerned. Despite numerous hurdles， both structural and cultural， young women entrepreneurs are creating innovative products and ultimately， changing the world. It has also been demonstrated that female entrepreneurs are really doing business by their own rules. According to Rebekah Epstein， the founder of fifteen media， “In the past， women have felt like they have to embody masculine characteristics to be successful. This isn’t the case anymore”. 　　解决女性就业问题有两种途径，“拉美模式”和求生途径。拉美模式侧重于分散的、无性别差异的职业培训，一般都与地方私营部门有着紧密联系。求生途径则更强调同类群体的形成，并强调将性和生殖健康教育与职业和小型企业培训结合起来。有关拉美模式对就业和收入的积极影响的分析已经有很多报告，但是由于求生项目较难进入劳动市场，目前对该类项目的评估显示其效果不容乐观。尽管青年女性企业家面对无数障碍，包括结构性和文化层面的障碍，她们仍在生产创新性产品，并且最终改变了世界。女性企业家经商有自己的一套方法，这一点已被证实。作为十五家媒体的创始人，瑞贝卡·爱普斯坦说，“过去女性认为必须要具备男性的特征才能成功，而今天这个法则已经不适用了”。
　　Entrepreneurship as Empowerment
　　创业赋权
　　The World Bank launched a scheme in 2008 dubbed the Adolescent Girls Initiative – Investing in Young Women as Smart Economics （AGI） a Public Private Partnership to promote the transition of adolescent girls and young women from school to economic empowerment. The scheme provides life skills training to address barriers. It will also seek to contribute to the thin body of knowledge on the female challenges to transition from school to productive work.
　　世界银行于2008年启动了一项计划，名为“少女计划——资助青年女性加入公共私营合伙企业的聪明经济学（AGI）”，以帮助少女及青年女性完成从学校到经济独立的过渡。该计划提供生活技能培训，旨在消除性别障碍，并希望丰富有关女性从学校到生产性工作过渡的知识库，而现有的有关知识尚显不足。
　　Key Challenges
　　主要挑战
　　The problems of youth employment are certainly caused by a wide range of factors； however several key challenges can be identified. These are：
　　· the lack of an enterprise culture in many countries；
　　· unfavourable legal， policy and regulatory frameworks for youth entrepreneurship； lack of entrepreneurship education across formal and informal educational systems；
　　· lack of access to affordable financing in the form of start-up， investment or working capital
　　· and poor familiarity with， and access to， relevant business development services and support schemes for those youth already in business or for those interested in pursuing an entrepreneurial career.
　　毋庸置疑，造成青年就业问题的原因是广泛的，已经确定的几大原因如下：
　　·许多国家缺少企业文化；
　　·不利于青年创业的法规、政策和管理框架；正规和非正规教育缺乏创业教育；
　　·创业启动、投资或运作资金缺少合理的融资渠道；
　　·不熟悉或者很难获取相关商业发展服务，针对已经经商或者有兴趣创业的青年的支持机制不够完善，
　　Youth underemployment and employment impose weighty social and economic costs on countries， particularly more so on developing nations and impact on the potential for growth. Youth also lack entrepreneurial skills and resources to succeed and many efforts fail within the first few months.
　　青年就业不足和失业给国家尤其是发展中国家带来沉重的社会和经济负担，对其发展潜力带来负面影响。青年也缺乏成功必备的创业技能和资源，很多人在创业几个月后就失败了。
　　Major Multilateral Support Schemes
　　主要的多方支持机制
　　Youth Employment Framework （YEF） -- This approach provides a template for economic approaches to youth employment. The framework identifies four main categories of interventions that can be undertaken namely： 　　i. Supply-side interventions that focus on promoting the employability of the workforce；
　　ii. Demand-side interventions that expand employment opportunities by creating a demand for labour；
　　iii. Matchmaking and mediation interventions that facilitate information exchange between labour supply and demand， and bring transparency to the market； and
　　iv. Comprehensive interventions that include activities from a combination of the other three categories.
　　青年就业框架（YEF）——为解决青年就业的经济途径提供了一个模板。该框架明确了四种可操作的干预措施，即：
　　i. 从供应链入手进行干预，注重提高劳动力的就业力
　　ii. 从需求链手进行干预，通过创造劳动需求扩大就业机会
　　iii. 采取牵线搭桥和调控等手段进行干预，促进劳动供需双方的信息交换，提高市场透明度。
　　iv. 综合干预包括其他结合三个干预手段。
　　World Bank Youth Employment Inventory （YEI） Database that lists 289 separate youth employment programmes from 84 countries around the World. This database allows one to identify what forms of interventions are carried out most commonly. The majority of programs focus on improving the supply side of the problem while approximately 34% focused on comprehensive approaches including job creation.
　　The issue of youth employment has come to the fore following the events of the Arab Spring and it has been recommended that the World Bank mainstream youth employment concerns into its larger strategies.
　　世界银行就业目录数据（YEI）列举了84个国家289个青年就业项目。通过该数据库，我们可以得出应用最为普遍的干预手段。大多数项目侧重完善供应链，大约34%则侧重综合性干预，包括提高创业就业机会。
　　在阿拉伯之春事件后，青年就业问题日益严峻，相关人士建议世界银行应更加重视青年就业问题，将其作为主要议题列入更大的战略之中。
　　Youth Employment Network （YEN） – Partnership between the United Nations， ILO and the World Bank to mobilize action behind the commitment of the Millennium Summit in favor of decent and productive work for young people. It acts as a global platform on these issues and allows for sharing of ideas and best practices. The Network has：
　　· Mobilization of USD10 million in the sole 2009 and from various donors in support of the Network.
　　· Development and dissemination of various publications and advocacy material on youth employment.
　　· Training of over 1，500 youth representatives as dedicated advocates.
　　· Revision of the “Lead Country” Network： 17 countries have renewed commitments to the Network since major revisions were made in 2009.
　　青年就业网（YEN）——是联合国、国际劳工组织和世界银行的合作项目，旨在帮助实践千禧年峰会承诺的行动，为青年提供更体面和生产力更高的工作。YEN为观点和实践范例的分享和传播提供了国际平台。它包括：
　　·仅2009年1年就从各种来源的捐助者手中筹集到一千万美元用以支持YEN工作
　　·有关就业青年的各种出版物和宣传材料的制作和传播
　　·培训1500多名青年代表，使其成为坚定的支持者
　　·完善“领导国家”网：2009年重大改版后，17个国家恢复与YEN之间的承诺关系。 　　The International Labor Organisations Youth Employment Programme （YEP） – This is a global network of specialists who provide assistance on youth employment strategy development interventions. Its work includes：
　　· Data collection on the nature and dimensions of youth employment， unemployment and under-employment；
　　· Analysis of the effectiveness of country policies and programmes on youth employment；
　　· Policy advice to strengthen labour market policies and programmes for youth employment， as well as capacity-building for governments， employers’ and workers’ organizations；
　　· Technical assistance in formulating and implementing national youth employment programmes that focus on job-intensive investment， skills development， youth entrepreneurship， access to finance and other， targeted active labour market measures；
　　· Advocacy and awareness-raising to promote decent work for youth with a focus on employability， employment and workers’ rights；
　　· Advisory services through the YEN partnership， including evaluation “clinics” and support to YEN “lead countries”； and
　　· Strategic partnerships for youth employment through the promotion of cross-country and global peer networks， inter-agency cooperation across United Nations and other international agencies， and collaboration between the private and public sectors at the international， regional and national levels.
　　国际劳工组织青年就业项目（YEP）——是一个由专家组成的全球网络，这些专家提供有关青年就业战略发展干预的协助工作，包括：
　　·收集有关青年就业、失业和就业不足的性质和范围的数据；
　　·分析有关青年就业的国家政策和项目的实效；
　　·强化劳动市场政策和青年就业项目的政策建议，及加强政府、雇主和员工的能力建设；
　　·制定和执行全国青年就业项目的技术支持，这类项目侧重工作为导向的投资，技能发展，青年创业，增加金融渠道，有针对性的活跃劳动市场的措施；
　　·宣传和增强民主意识，从而帮助青年获得正当工作，侧重就业力、就业和员工权利。
　　·通过YEN合作方提供咨询服务，包括评估“诊所”， 支持YEN“领导国家”项目；以及
　　·在联合国和其他国际机构范围内通过加强跨国和全球同龄人网络、机构间合作，以及国际、地区和国家层面公立和私营部门的协作，建立青年就业战略合作伙伴关系。
　　Ongoing Policies Favoring Entrepreneurship
　　现有的创业支持政策
　　“Engaging the young population fully is no longer a choice， but an imperative in the development process”
　　These are some of the approaches currently being deployed by various governments.
　　- Start up credits – To unemployed youth including tax exemptions hiring subsidies and government backed guarantees.
　　- Africa’s Youth Entrepreneurship Facility （YEF） Includes a Youth to Youth Fund that offers Youth led organizations the chance to develop entrepreneurship in local communities.
　　- UN HABITAT Youth Fund – Promotes youth led organizations based in cities in developing counties for new ideas for job creation， good governance， adequate shelter and secure tenure. 　　- Technical Advice – for first time job seekers
　　- Training for young entrepreneurs
　　- Expansion of social safety nets
　　“让所有青年全面参与已经不仅仅是一个选择，而是发展进程中的必经之路”
　　很多国家已经采取了一些措施。
　　——启动信贷——针对失业青年，包括雇佣补助，免税优惠和政府支持担保。
　　——非洲青年创业机制（YEF），包括“青年对青年基金”，使青年领导组织有机会在地方社区进行创业。
　　——联合国人居署青年基金——促进发展中国家城市中青年领导组织挖掘提高就业、完善治理、加强住房和安全就业保障的新思路。
　　——技术咨询——针对首次求职者。
　　——针对青年创业者的培训。
　　——扩大社会安全保障。
　　Creating a Stimulating Environment
　　创建一个充满激励的环境
　　Four main factors have been identified that foster entrepreneurship worldwide：
　　（1） prevailing norms and values with regard to entrepreneurship
　　（2） the policy， legal and regulatory frameworks in which youth-led enterprises operate
　　（3） the administrative arrangements used to implement and enforce this framework and
　　（4） the organizations that promote， regulate， support and represent enterprises， labour， including financial institutions
　　世界上已经明确的促进创业的主要因素有四个：
　　（1）关于创业的主导规范和价值观；
　　（2）青年创业的政策、法律和管理框架；
　　（3）用以执行和实施该框架的行政部署；
　　（4）促进、管理、支持和代表这些企业、劳动者包括金融机构的组织。
　　The ILO argues that integrated youth oriented strategies for growth and job creation should be contained within broader ranging national employment policies that intervene on multiple levels and across multiple sectors. Creating a stimulating environment for youth entrepreneurship and employment can be achieved through macro and micro level approaches under which there are seven broad strategies. These are：
　　Macro Level Strategies include：
　　（1） Adequate macroeconomic and growth policies
　　（2） Active labour market policies and programmes
　　（3） Adequate education policies；
　　Micro Level Strategies include：
　　（4） Addressing skills mismatches
　　（5） Gender-sensitive programmes and policies
　　（6） Social dialogue and dedicated partnerships and
　　（7） Maintaining an ongoing research agenda on entrepreneurship in a bid to adjust policies and frameworks to needs over time.
　　国际劳工组织认为，关注青年的增长和就业的整合战略应被纳入更广的国家就业政策里，这些政策应在多层次跨部门实施干预。通过在宏观和微观层面可以为青年创业和就业创造一个充满激励的环境，包括七大战略，即：
　　宏观战略包括：
　　（1）成熟的宏观经济和增长政策；
　　（2）活跃的劳动力市场政策和项目；
　　（3）完善的教育政策。
　　微观战略包括：
　　（4）解决技能不匹配的问题；
　　（5）基于性别差异的项目和政策；
　　（6）社会对话和坚定的合作关系；
　　（7）持对创业进行研究，从而及时调整政策和框架。
　　Conclusion
　　结论
　　Youth represent any country’s or region’s potential in terms of future economic and demographic growth， health， and prosperity. In order to fully activate this source of human capital， policy-makers must understand the diverse nature of youth as a heterogeneous population with wide ranging skills， challenges， and belief systems. In our efforts to encourage， secure and support young people to play their own role in the creation of decent work for all and also meeting commitments to the Millennium Development Goals， it is important to bring about an entrepreneurial culture to promote poverty eradication and ensure long-term， sustained and concerted action for the promotion of employment. 　　While it is the mandate of many United Nations and other international and bilateral organizations to work across regions， the overriding challenge is to foster an entrepreneurial culture globally while taking into careful consideration the varied social， cultural， economic， educational， and political and health characteristics that result in different levels of vulnerability or resilience. One of the key suggestions in this regard has been for youth employment promotion by geographic region. A report by Ikatu International in 2010 found that， based on the specific conditions of its young people， Sub-Saharan Africa exhibits the greatest need for youth employment promotion programmes and it is also host to the greatest number of countries featuring at the lower end of the Human Development Index， with the greatest number of out-of-school youth.
　　Interventions also need to prioritize urbanizing areas within Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia； the two regions with the greatest need for youth employment/entrepreneurship programmes. New interventions， especially in Sub-Saharan Africa， should be comprehensive in nature and be heavily focused on demand-side.
　　青年代表一个国家或地区未来经济和人口增长、健康和繁荣的潜力。为充分激活人力资本的潜力，决策者应了解青年作为一个具有广泛的技能、不同挑战和不同信仰系统的异质群体的特征。我们在鼓励、保障和支持青年人为所有人带来正当工作机会，在实现千年发展目标的过程中发挥自己的作用时，应着重培养创业文化的形成，加速消除贫困，从而确保长期地可持续地促进就业工作。
　　对于很多联合国和其他跨区域的国际和双边机构而言，这是必须的要求，然而最大的挑战在于在全球范围内培养创业文化，同时要考虑到不同的社会、文化、经济、教育、政治和健康特征，这些特征导致不同程度的脆弱性或反弹力。关于此，重要建议之一是根据地理区域的差别促进青年就业。2010年Ikatu国际组织的一份报告显示，根据青年的不同情况，撒哈拉以南地区最需要青年就业促进项目，拥有最多人类发展指数最低值，并且该地区失学青年人口最多。
　　撒哈拉以南和南亚内的城市化区域尤其需要采取干预措施；这两个区域对青年就业/创业项目的需求最多。尤其针对撒哈拉以南的新的干预措施应该是综合性的，并且要侧重于需求层面。
　　Youth unemployment rates were projected to remain essentially unchanged in 2013， and remain major challenges in most regions， a strong suggestion that specific policies warrant the highest priority. Youth employment is a rising priority in national policy agendas but all-too frequently fails to result in effective action， with funding often limited and resources underestimated.
　　Though unlikely to act as a panacea for youth unemployment， entrepreneurship can be part of the response. To maximise effectiveness and efficiency， policy should target resources on young people with the best chance of success， provide sufficient support to allow them to start businesses where barriers are neither too low nor too high though in highly competitive sectors， and providing integrated packages of complementary support rather than one-shot instruments. 　　Sustainable approaches to development are increasingly pushing policy-makers and businesses to integrate the social， economic and environmental dimensions. Human progress and sustainable economic development depend on new ideas and the ability of young and future entrepreneurs to implement these ideas. Given the various areas that require reforms （ranging from education and professional training to financing and other shortcomings）； this discussion is multidisciplinary in nature. Our strategy needs to be an integrated one that focuses on growth and job creation for young people； improving the quality of jobs through strengthened labour standards； investing in the quality of education and training； and pursuing financial and macroeconomic policies that aim to remove obstacles to economic recovery. For these policies to be truly effective， they need to be approached against a background of broader-ranging employment policies and programmes.
　　2013年青年失业率几乎没有变化，仍是很多地区的重要挑战，这就证明必须有具体政策才能确保足够的重视。青年就业在国家政策的地位日趋重要，但是往往由于资金短缺和被低估，没有形成有效行动。
　　虽然创业不可能成为青年就业的万能良药，但是其作用是毋庸置疑的。如果要让政策取得最大成效和效能，应针对那些最有可能成功的青年群体，为他们提供足够的支持，使他们能够即使在竞争激烈的行业中，也能在门槛不高不低的条件下开始创业，并为其提供整合的补偿性支持，而非一次性帮助。
　　可持续发展的途径让决策者和商业机构更加综合考量社会、经济和环境因素。人类进步和可持续经济的发展取决于新观点和青年及未来企业家实践这些观点的能力。鉴于需要改革的各种领域（从教育、职业培训到融资和其他问题）；这个讨论本质上就是跨学科的。我们的策略必须是一个整体，侧重针对青年的成长和就业；通过加强劳动标准提高工作质量；投资教育和培训质量；追求财政和宏观经济政策，以消除经济恢复的壁垒。为了让这些政策发挥实效，应将其放在一个更广的就业政策和项目的大背景下考虑。
　　Acknowledgement： This article is based on desk research of literature on the subject as well as interviews. Special gratitude to Mr. Thierry Naudin who provided valuable inputs and editorial support. He was the editor of the State of the Urban Youth Reports.
　　致谢：该文章基于有关文献的案头工作和采访。尤其感谢提供大量珍贵资料和编辑支持的蒂埃里·诺丹先生，他是《青年城市状况报告》的编辑。
　　Brief Bio
　　个人简介
　　Mr. S. Ananthakrishnan
　　S·阿纳塔·克里什楠
　　Has 35 years of experience in international development work， including over 12 years of work with the UN in Youth empowerment initiatives， policy and research， advocacy， program management including development and implementation of projects. Recent work includes a consultancy assignment for the Norwegian Government on studying the impact of urbanisation on women’s empowerment. Also completed a strategy document for UNIDO on youth employment and entrepreneurship. Very recently a position paper was developed by him for UN-Habitat on Urban Basic Services.
　　Over the past decade Ananthakrishnan has focused on innovative programs furthering the agenda of children and youth， and managed a portfolio of such programming for UN-HABITAT headquartered in Nairobi， Kenya， totaling approximately US $2 million annually. In his capacity as Chief of the Partners and Youth Branch of UN-HABITAT， he helped the agency become the leader within the United Nations system in recognizing and tapping into the positive potential of youth and working for a rights based approach to children and youth issues in urban areas. He was instrumental in setting up and managing a fund for urban youth， to benefit youth initiatives at the local level. 　　In his time at both UN-HABITAT and UNEP， he has been responsible for the mobilization of substantial resources from governments， foundations and the private sector for the implementation of civil society and youth programs， and has actively fostered and promoted inter-agency collaboration for greater efficiency and impact of youth programming.
　　阿纳塔·克里什楠先生在国际发展工作方面有35年的经验，有12年为联合国青年赋权行动、政策和研究、宣传、包括制定和执行项目管理的工作经历。他最近的工作内容包括挪威政府委派的咨询工作，研究城市化对妇女赋权的影响。并且还为联合国工业发展组织撰写了有关青年就业和创业的战略性文件。他最近还为联合国人居署就城市基础服务完成了一份意见书。
　　在过去十年间，他侧重于开展创新性项目，促进儿童和青年工作，管理总部位于肯尼亚内罗毕的联合国人居署的投资项目，每年约二百万美元。在作为联合国人居署伙伴和青年部部长期间，该机构成为联合国系统内在认识和发掘青年的积极潜能以及为城市儿童和青年寻求一个基于权利的解决方案领域的佼佼者。他帮助建立和管理城市青年基金，促进地方层面的青年行动。
　　在联合国人居署和联合国环境署期间，他还负责招募政府、基金会以及私营部门的大力支持，从而实施民间团体和青年项目，并且非常积极地培养和促进机构间合作，使其更加高效，增大青年项目的影响力。
　　Mr. Iqbal Basant is a Research Consultant who holds a Master’s Degree in Globalization and Development from the University of Warwick and has worked on issues related to gender and youth. His key specialty areas include Transitional Justice Democratic Transitions， Democracy in Kenya and Development. Iqbal has worked tirelessly to create social awareness and promote healthy， constructive debate. His work on youth issues with UN-HABITAT is a prime example of this， via initiatives that sought to engage youth and youth practitioners on a global scale within the urban context. Other specialty areas include the Horn of Africa， Anti-Globalization Movements， Comparative Politics， Governance and East Asian Development models.
　　伊克巴尔·巴桑特先生是一名研究咨询师，拥有沃里克大学全球化和发展的硕士学位，曾研究过性别和青年相关问题。他主要擅长的研究领域包括过渡中的司法民主过渡，肯尼亚民主和发展。他为增进社会意识，促进健康和建设性辩论而不懈努力。他与联合国人居署合作的青年工作就是很好的例子，寻求全球范围内青年和青年从业者的参与。此外他还擅长研究包括非洲之角，反全球化运动，比较政治学，治理和东亚发展模式。