自主神经系统的组织和生理自主神经系统调节平滑肌、心脏和腺体的功能,可分为交感和副交感两大部分,二者在解剖、生理和生化方面都极不同。交感系统激活时,产生典型的“逃跑或搏斗”反应:心动过速、心肌收缩加强、血管收缩、瞳孔散大、支气管扩张、血糖增高。副交感神经激活出现的情况,有如“老人饭后入睡”:心率减慢,呼吸有声(由于支气管收缩),瞳孔缩小,口角流涎,腹部听诊肠鸣响亮。解剖学上,构成交感神经系统的通络是由细胞体位于脊髓“胸腰”段的神经元起始的。这些节前神经元在交感神经节中与节后神经元连接,再进入效应器,包括血管、胃肠、生殖泌尿系统平滑肌和心脏。反之,副交感神经系统通路起源的神经元,其细胞体则在神经轴的“颅骶”部分,包括中脑、延 Autonomic nervous system organization and physiology The autonomic nervous system regulate smooth muscle, heart and gland function, can be divided into two parts of sympathetic and parasympathetic, both anatomical, physiological and biochemical aspects are very different. Sympathetic system activation, the typical “escape or fight” reaction: tachycardia, myocardial contractility, vasoconstriction, mydriasis, bronchiectasis, increased blood sugar. Parasympathetic activation occurs, such as “elderly people sleep after meals”: slow heart rate, breathing sound (due to bronchial constriction), miosis, mouth drooling, abdominal auscultation bowel sounds. Anatomically, the collaterals that make up the sympathetic nervous system begin with neurons whose cell body is located in the “thoracolumbar” segment of the spinal cord. These preganglionic neurons connect with postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic ganglia and reenter the effectors, including blood vessels, gastrointestinal, genitourinary smooth muscle, and heart. Conversely, parasympathetic nervous system origin of neurons, the cell body in the nerve axis of the “cranial sacrum” part, including the brain, extension