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1 科学交流过程科学研究和试验设计工作规模的不断扩大,要求进行更为明确而有效的科技情报交换。近年来,常常把这种交换称作科学交流,或称为学术交流。科学交流主要有:“正式交流”和“非正式交流”,“口头交流”和“书面交流”,“个人间交流”和“非亲身交流”,“直接交流”和“中介交流”,“计划交流”和“自发交流”。非正式交流是指科学家或专业工作者通过
1 The continuous expansion of scientific research process and scientific research and experimental design work requires more clear and effective exchange of scientific and technological information. In recent years, such exchanges have often been referred to as scientific exchanges or academic exchanges. Scientific exchanges mainly include: “formal exchanges” and “informal exchanges”, “verbal exchanges” and “written exchanges”, “personal exchanges” and “non-in-person exchanges”, “direct exchanges” and “intermediary exchanges,” "plans Exchange and spontaneous communication. Informal communication means the passing of a scientist or professional worker