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目前,发展中国家90%以上的女性及发达国家50%～90%的女性选择母乳喂养,并且喂养时间延长,较25年前有了很大进步。但是全球范围内纯母乳喂养至4月龄的婴儿仍少于35%。婴儿营养不良状况也得到了很大改善。1980年,发展中国家有47%的5岁儿童发育不良;到2005年,该比例下降至29%。婴儿配方奶成分改进及其应用方面的进步主要包括,研制出低出生体重儿配方奶,满足其认知能力发育的需求;使用母乳营养强化剂配合母乳喂养,防止早产儿营养缺乏;早产儿和低出生体重儿出院后的配方奶与母乳喂养相结合得到应用广泛。25年来,足月儿配方奶也发生了一系列变化,其成分更接近于母乳,使普通配方奶喂养儿与母乳喂养儿的发育状况更为接近;以乳清蛋白为主的配方奶比酪蛋白为主的配方奶应用更为广泛;铁强化配方奶的应用增加。婴儿喂养中牛奶添加时间晚于25年前。尽管推广母乳喂养及提高婴儿配方奶质量方面取得了很大进步,但母乳喂养时间需进一步延长,婴儿配方奶成分仍需进一步改善。25年前,WHO世界卫生大会通过了《母乳替代品市场国际准则》(简称:准则)。准则旨在保护和推广母乳喂养,并保证在有必要时适当地使用母乳替代品,从而为婴儿提供安全充足的营养[1]。准则对婴儿配方奶、乳制品、其它食品饮料等母乳替代品的销售及奶瓶奶嘴的质量、规格、销售等作了一系列规定。时至今日,各个国家对准则的贯彻实施情况不一,有的已经将准则的全部或部分条款写入法律,有的也已拟好了草案,有的主张志愿执行准则,还有的则正在研究是否该接受准则。少数国家例如美国,虽然官方未采取行动执行准则规定,但是这些国家在母乳替代品、奶瓶及奶嘴的生产或销售方面大都遵守准则规定。
Currently, more than 90% of women in developing countries and 50% to 90% of women in developed countries choose to breastfeed, and the feeding time is longer than 25 years ago, and great progress has been made. However, less than 35% of infants exclusively breastfeeding to 4 months of age worldwide remain. Infant malnutrition has also been greatly improved. In 1980, 47% of 5-year-old children in developing countries developed dysplasia; by 2005, the proportion had dropped to 29%. Improvements in the composition of infant formula and its application include the development of low birth weight infant formula to meet the needs of its cognitive development; the use of breast milk nutrition fortifier with breastfeeding to prevent nutritional deficiencies in preterm children; premature children and The combination of low-birth-weight infant formula and breastfeeding is widely used. Over the past 25 years, full-term infant formula has undergone a series of changes, its composition is closer to the mother’s milk, so that the general formula milk feeding children and breastfeeding children’s development status closer; whey protein-based formula than cheese Protein-based formula is more widely used; increased use of iron-fortified formula. Milk was added to infant feeding later than 25 years ago. Despite the great progress made in promoting breastfeeding and improving the quality of infant formula, breastfeeding needs to be further extended and infant formula needs to be further improved. Twenty-five years ago, the WHO World Health Assembly adopted the International Code of Practice for the Breast-Milk Substitutes Market (short: Guidelines). The guidelines aim to protect and promote breastfeeding and to ensure the proper use of breast-milk substitutes where necessary, to provide babies with safe and adequate nutrition. [1] The guidelines set out a series of regulations on the sale of alternative milk products such as infant formula, dairy products and other food and drink, as well as the quality, specifications and sales of bottle nipples. Nowadays, the implementation of the guidelines varies from country to country. Some have written all or part of the code into the law. Some have also drafted the draft. Some have advocated voluntary guidelines and others are now Whether the study should accept the guidelines. A few countries such as the United States, although not officially implementing the guidelines, have largely followed the guidelines in the production or sale of breast-milk substitutes, feeding bottles and nipples.