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1 引論近廿年来,低温物理的進展相当可觀,從事这方面研究的人数也是下少,其主要原因有三,第一是低溫產生方法上的成功,實驗技術上的进步,隨着不断的新发现的湧出,其中有許多尚不能用現有的理论圆满的解释,於是引起了普遍的注意;第二,有些新現象中有可能得到巨大的应用,例如超導電等;最後,在物理學本身的發展過程中,他能起了大的瞭解作用,因为在配分函數小(partition unction)低能级(low energy level)的幾率僅在低溫(kT小)較大,因此量子现象出现须在低温;要明晰有些较微
1 INTRODUCTION The progress of physics in low temperature has been very impressive in recent 20 years. The number of people engaged in this field is also low. There are three main reasons for this. The first is the success of low-temperature production methods and the progress in experimental techniques. With constant new The gushing out of the discovery, many of which can not yet be satisfactorily explained by the existing theories, has drawn widespread attention. Secondly, there are some new phenomena that may have tremendous applications such as superconductivity. Finally, in the physics itself He has a great understanding of development because the chances of partition unction of low energy level are high at low temperature (kT), so the quantum phenomenon has to be at low temperature; Clear some slightly