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英语新课标指出语法教学应改变传统的教学观念,实现它的交际功能。强调教学语法应从学生的学习兴趣、生活经验和认知水平出发,倡导体验、实践、参与、合作与交流的学习方式,发展学生的综合语言运用能力。那么,语法课到底怎样设计来实现它的语言功能呢?我们应在实际语言环境中去思考。
一、从语境出发
在教学语法时,老师应从语境出发,呈现语法知识。让学生通过自己观察和体会,发现语言现象,并找出规律。前不久,我在全市开了一节语法教学研讨课。
在讲has(have)gone to、has(have)been to 的用法时,我是这样呈现语法的。上课前,老师先请一名学生出去。上课时,老师提问一名学生。
T:Is everyone here? S:No.
T:who is not here? S:** is not here.
老师接着问全班同学:“Is ** here? Has he come back? ”同学回答“No.”这样,老师引出has gone to 的用法。表示某人去了某地还没有回来,强调他人不在这里。(** is not here.)请出去的同学进来,并问他去了哪里。老师这时问全班同学:“Is ** here? Has he come back?”学生回答“Yes”,从而引出has( have) been to 的用法。即某人去过某地已经回来了,强调他人已经在这里了。(** is here now.)
这样呈现语法知识,让学生在形象生动的语言环境中理解了has (have) gone to、has (have )been to 的用法及区别,实现了语言的形式与意义和真实情景相结合,从而激发了学生学习兴趣。
二、在情景中操练
教师进行语法操练的时候,依然存在过分强调死记硬背、机械操练等现象,而忽视了它的意义和在实际情景中的运用。语言学习的目的是为了更好地实现其交际功能,第二语言学习者要在语言运用中才能更好地体会语法项目,从而明白在什么样的场合使用它是恰当的。所以在语法操练时,老师要千方百计为学生创设真实情景,使学生在真实情景中进一步理解和掌握语法现象。
某老师在操练被动语态时,是这样设计情景的。她以重要的节日为主线,强调在不同的节日做哪些事情,来实现对被动语态不同时态的练习。如:三月份是植树节。
T:What do we do on that day?
Ss:We Plant trees.
老师接着引导学生用被动语态说:Trees are planted
by us.
T:A tree is planted,do you know how to plant trees now? It’s your turn to tell me how to plant a tree,practise it by yourselves,use the passive voice.
老师接着展示几张有关怎样植树的图片。
①I need a spade(铲子) A spade is needed (by me)
②I dig a hole. A hole is dug (by me).
③put the tree into the hole. The tree is put into the hole
(by me).
④I cover the hole. The hole is covered (by me).
⑤I tie the tree to a stick. The tree is tied to a stick (by me).
⑥I water the tree. The tree is watered (by me).
This is the passive voice in the simple present tense,that is:am/is/are done.同样,这位老师以六一儿童节这一天发生的一个小故事引出了一般过去时被动语态:
Next I’ll tell you a short story about Tom and a small fish on Children’s Day.在讲故事的同时出示一些图片,使故事更加生动,学生更容易理解。同时,对过去时的被动语态进行操练。
①Tom and his father caught a small fish.
A small fish was caught by Tom and his father.
②They took the small fish home .
The small fish was taken home.
③They put the small fish on the table.
The small fish was put on the table.
④They took the small fish back into the river.
The small fish was taken back into the river.
⑤A big fish ate the small fish.
The small fish was eaten by a big fish.
An interesting story,right? Let’s see the story again,but some words are missing here,try to complete the story with the verbs,use the passive voice. This is the passive voice in the simple past tense,that is:was/were done. 这样,学生在老师设计的故事情景中,既操练了语法,又通过填词对语法项目进行了巩固,进而让学生进一步发现了语法规则。
针对同一语法项目所设计的不同练习,给我们带来了很多思考:如何在语境中发现语法规律又实现交际目的?如何通过真实情景的操练来提高课堂效率同时激发学生学习兴趣呢?这位老师的教学设计,给了我很多启示和帮助。
三、以活动运用结束
新颁布的《英语课程标准》明确指出,英语课程改革的重点就是要改变英语教学过分重视语法和词法知识的讲解与传授,忽视对学生实际语言运用能力的倾向。所以,英语教师对“为用而学,在用中学,学了就要用”的语言教学原则已经达成了共识。这个原则的实施需要教学活动作为载体,语法教学也不例外,常用的语法活动通常有以下几种。
(1)编写故事中运用语法。再以这位老师的被动语态语法课为例,老师投影出一些关键词和图片,让学生根据提示内容运用所学语法编写故事。如:One day,Tom and his father went to the cinema. When they got to the cinema,the tickets couldn’t be found. they want to buy another two tickets,but unluckily,the tickets were sold out.So they went shopping instead. As his car was placed in a wrong place,he had to be fined…… 学生在自编故事的过程中,运用了语言,巩固了知识。
(2)在游戏中运用语法。比如,If 从句中的接龙游戏:If he eats lots of food,he will get fat. →If he gets fat,he will feel sad. → If he feels sad, he will exercise and eat less. →If he exercises and eats less,he will get thin.
If I am ill,I will … If I have a holiday, I will…老师给出龙头,让学生分小组进行接龙游戏,比比看哪个小组接得又快,又准确。学生通过游戏,进一步掌握了语法,培养了学生小组内的合作和小组之间的竞争意识,又增强了学生英语学习的趣味性。
再如:一般现在时被动语态中的猜谜游戏。老师发给五个学生不同的卡片,每张卡片有一样东西。持卡片的同学不能让其他同学看到卡片上的东西。他有几秒钟时间思考怎样描述卡片上的东西,并且只允许提供一些线索,不能提到该物品。其余同学猜猜卡片上是什么东西。他们只能使用学过的一般现在时的被动语态进行提问。如:What is it used for? What is it made of? Where is it found? Where is it bought? Who is it used by?… 同样,持卡片的同学也只能用一般现在时的被动语态进行回答。
在这类教学活动中,参与者通过猜谜游戏、推理等思维活动,导出了所需要的信息。事实上,处理语言信息的过程就是运用语言的过程。
(3)在情景对话中运用语法。比如,在学了“has gone to”or“has been to”的用法之后,老师可以用以下情景让学生自编对话。Mr Su isn’t at school .He has gone to Shanghai for travelling……Have you ever been to Shanghai? Where have you been? talk about your travelling with your partner(同伴)like this:
S1:where is……?I haven’t seen him for some time.
S2:He has……Have you ever……?
S1:No, never. But I have……
语言的学习是以交际为目的的,把语法的学习用于情景对话中,正是实现了它的交际目的。
总之,老师在语法教学中应努力创设贴近现实生活的情景,使学生身临其境,积极参与语言实践活动,使英语学习形象化、趣味化、交际化。这样,可以深化学生对语法的理解,有效提高中学生语言交际能力,教与学的质量才会得到逐步提高。让我们在“情景教学”中,开拓创新、驰骋奋进吧。
一、从语境出发
在教学语法时,老师应从语境出发,呈现语法知识。让学生通过自己观察和体会,发现语言现象,并找出规律。前不久,我在全市开了一节语法教学研讨课。
在讲has(have)gone to、has(have)been to 的用法时,我是这样呈现语法的。上课前,老师先请一名学生出去。上课时,老师提问一名学生。
T:Is everyone here? S:No.
T:who is not here? S:** is not here.
老师接着问全班同学:“Is ** here? Has he come back? ”同学回答“No.”这样,老师引出has gone to 的用法。表示某人去了某地还没有回来,强调他人不在这里。(** is not here.)请出去的同学进来,并问他去了哪里。老师这时问全班同学:“Is ** here? Has he come back?”学生回答“Yes”,从而引出has( have) been to 的用法。即某人去过某地已经回来了,强调他人已经在这里了。(** is here now.)
这样呈现语法知识,让学生在形象生动的语言环境中理解了has (have) gone to、has (have )been to 的用法及区别,实现了语言的形式与意义和真实情景相结合,从而激发了学生学习兴趣。
二、在情景中操练
教师进行语法操练的时候,依然存在过分强调死记硬背、机械操练等现象,而忽视了它的意义和在实际情景中的运用。语言学习的目的是为了更好地实现其交际功能,第二语言学习者要在语言运用中才能更好地体会语法项目,从而明白在什么样的场合使用它是恰当的。所以在语法操练时,老师要千方百计为学生创设真实情景,使学生在真实情景中进一步理解和掌握语法现象。
某老师在操练被动语态时,是这样设计情景的。她以重要的节日为主线,强调在不同的节日做哪些事情,来实现对被动语态不同时态的练习。如:三月份是植树节。
T:What do we do on that day?
Ss:We Plant trees.
老师接着引导学生用被动语态说:Trees are planted
by us.
T:A tree is planted,do you know how to plant trees now? It’s your turn to tell me how to plant a tree,practise it by yourselves,use the passive voice.
老师接着展示几张有关怎样植树的图片。
①I need a spade(铲子) A spade is needed (by me)
②I dig a hole. A hole is dug (by me).
③put the tree into the hole. The tree is put into the hole
(by me).
④I cover the hole. The hole is covered (by me).
⑤I tie the tree to a stick. The tree is tied to a stick (by me).
⑥I water the tree. The tree is watered (by me).
This is the passive voice in the simple present tense,that is:am/is/are done.同样,这位老师以六一儿童节这一天发生的一个小故事引出了一般过去时被动语态:
Next I’ll tell you a short story about Tom and a small fish on Children’s Day.在讲故事的同时出示一些图片,使故事更加生动,学生更容易理解。同时,对过去时的被动语态进行操练。
①Tom and his father caught a small fish.
A small fish was caught by Tom and his father.
②They took the small fish home .
The small fish was taken home.
③They put the small fish on the table.
The small fish was put on the table.
④They took the small fish back into the river.
The small fish was taken back into the river.
⑤A big fish ate the small fish.
The small fish was eaten by a big fish.
An interesting story,right? Let’s see the story again,but some words are missing here,try to complete the story with the verbs,use the passive voice. This is the passive voice in the simple past tense,that is:was/were done. 这样,学生在老师设计的故事情景中,既操练了语法,又通过填词对语法项目进行了巩固,进而让学生进一步发现了语法规则。
针对同一语法项目所设计的不同练习,给我们带来了很多思考:如何在语境中发现语法规律又实现交际目的?如何通过真实情景的操练来提高课堂效率同时激发学生学习兴趣呢?这位老师的教学设计,给了我很多启示和帮助。
三、以活动运用结束
新颁布的《英语课程标准》明确指出,英语课程改革的重点就是要改变英语教学过分重视语法和词法知识的讲解与传授,忽视对学生实际语言运用能力的倾向。所以,英语教师对“为用而学,在用中学,学了就要用”的语言教学原则已经达成了共识。这个原则的实施需要教学活动作为载体,语法教学也不例外,常用的语法活动通常有以下几种。
(1)编写故事中运用语法。再以这位老师的被动语态语法课为例,老师投影出一些关键词和图片,让学生根据提示内容运用所学语法编写故事。如:One day,Tom and his father went to the cinema. When they got to the cinema,the tickets couldn’t be found. they want to buy another two tickets,but unluckily,the tickets were sold out.So they went shopping instead. As his car was placed in a wrong place,he had to be fined…… 学生在自编故事的过程中,运用了语言,巩固了知识。
(2)在游戏中运用语法。比如,If 从句中的接龙游戏:If he eats lots of food,he will get fat. →If he gets fat,he will feel sad. → If he feels sad, he will exercise and eat less. →If he exercises and eats less,he will get thin.
If I am ill,I will … If I have a holiday, I will…老师给出龙头,让学生分小组进行接龙游戏,比比看哪个小组接得又快,又准确。学生通过游戏,进一步掌握了语法,培养了学生小组内的合作和小组之间的竞争意识,又增强了学生英语学习的趣味性。
再如:一般现在时被动语态中的猜谜游戏。老师发给五个学生不同的卡片,每张卡片有一样东西。持卡片的同学不能让其他同学看到卡片上的东西。他有几秒钟时间思考怎样描述卡片上的东西,并且只允许提供一些线索,不能提到该物品。其余同学猜猜卡片上是什么东西。他们只能使用学过的一般现在时的被动语态进行提问。如:What is it used for? What is it made of? Where is it found? Where is it bought? Who is it used by?… 同样,持卡片的同学也只能用一般现在时的被动语态进行回答。
在这类教学活动中,参与者通过猜谜游戏、推理等思维活动,导出了所需要的信息。事实上,处理语言信息的过程就是运用语言的过程。
(3)在情景对话中运用语法。比如,在学了“has gone to”or“has been to”的用法之后,老师可以用以下情景让学生自编对话。Mr Su isn’t at school .He has gone to Shanghai for travelling……Have you ever been to Shanghai? Where have you been? talk about your travelling with your partner(同伴)like this:
S1:where is……?I haven’t seen him for some time.
S2:He has……Have you ever……?
S1:No, never. But I have……
语言的学习是以交际为目的的,把语法的学习用于情景对话中,正是实现了它的交际目的。
总之,老师在语法教学中应努力创设贴近现实生活的情景,使学生身临其境,积极参与语言实践活动,使英语学习形象化、趣味化、交际化。这样,可以深化学生对语法的理解,有效提高中学生语言交际能力,教与学的质量才会得到逐步提高。让我们在“情景教学”中,开拓创新、驰骋奋进吧。