一、引言飞机飞行试验工程师的一个重要任务是从飞机对已知操纵输入的响应获得作用在飞机上的空气动力和力矩。过去进行讨论这一课题的国际专家会议和许多已经发表的描述计算机程序的论文或已获得的结果表明,过去几年期间在分析技术方面有许多重大的进展。与以前所用的图解法和模拟方法相反,这些方法本质上都是数字方法。许多己发表的论文在介绍这些方法时都假定读者已具有控制理论和统计学理论方面的知识。虽然最后所得到的这些方程都很简单,但要理解它们的意义确未必容易。本文试图用空气动力学工作者和飞行力学工作者比较熟悉的术语叙述这些方法的基本原理,因为对于这些方法的计算机程序的用户来说,了解所作的假设是重要的。本文还介绍了基本方法的各种可能的改进,其中包括把卡尔曼滤波应用于分析紊流中所获得的试飞数据。本文还讨论了各种方法的优缺点、介绍了所获得的某些典型结果,包括各种潜伏着的困难的响应类型。大部分探索性的理论工作都是美国有关研究机构开拓的,西欧各国也做了卓有成效的工作。 I. INTRODUCTION One of the important tasks of aircraft flight test engineers is to obtain the aerodynamics and moments acting on the aircraft from the aircraft response to known maneuvering inputs. Past international expert meetings to discuss this topic and many of the published papers describing descriptive computer programs or the results obtained have shown that there have been many significant advances in the analysis of technology over the past few years. Contrary to the previous graphical and simulation methods, these methods are essentially digital methods. Many published papers prescribe these methods to assume that the reader already has knowledge of control theory and statistical theory. Although the resulting equations are straightforward, it is not always easy to understand what they mean. This paper attempts to describe the rationale for these methods in terms that are more familiar to aerodynamic and aeromechanical workers because it is important to understand the assumptions made by the users of the computer programs of these methods. This article also describes various possible improvements to the basic approach, including applying Kalman filtering to test-flight data obtained from the analysis of turbulence. This article also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of various methods, describes some of the typical results obtained, including various types of latent response problems. Most of the exploratory theoretical work is carried out by the relevant U.S. research institutes, and all the countries in Western Europe have also done fruitful work.