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1918年7月,德国中学教师奥斯瓦尔德·斯宾格勒发表了巨著《西方的没落》,立即引起了西方社会的轰动,无疑这是与当时的背景密切相关的。19世纪曾被人称之为“历史学的时代”,历史意识在当时日渐深入人心。但这种历史意识,一是黑格尔的重精神力量的历史意识,二是孔德的重科学实证的历史意识。黑格尔从理性和逻辑角度强调了历史的必然性,把精神看成历史发展中的决定性力量。孔德从实证立场出发,反对历史研究中的形而上学思辨,认为社会历史的动力因和目的因非人智所能探求,极力主张将自然科学那种严格实证方法运用于社会历史的研究。19世纪的历史哲学就如此裹挟在戏剧性的不协调之中,处于变革的前夜。
In July 1918, Oswald Spengler, a German middle school teacher, published the masterpiece “The Decline of the West,” which instantly aroused the sensation of Western society. This is undoubtedly closely related to the background of that time. The 19th century was once called “an era of history,” and historical awareness became more and more popular at that time. However, this kind of historical consciousness is the historical consciousness of Hegel’s heavy spiritual power and the second is the historical consciousness of Comte Emphasized by science. Hegel emphasized the inevitability of history from a rational and logical point of view and regarded it as the decisive force in the development of history. Comte opposes the metaphysical speculation in historical studies from the positivist standpoint, believing that the impetus and purpose of social history can be explored by inhuman intellect, and strongly advocates the application of the rigorous empirical method of natural science in the study of social history. The nineteenth-century philosophy of history is thus clinging to dramatic dissonance and on the eve of change.