论文部分内容阅读
在欧洲传统的古典教育系统中,共设立七门一般文化课程,通称七艺。这七艺是语法、修辞、逻辑(中世纪称为“辩证法”)、算术、几何、音乐和天文。这七艺中居首位的是语法和修辞。第三门课程逻辑也同语法关系十分密切。因此这三门课又通称三艺。由此可见语法、修辞和逻辑在教育系统中占据何等重要的地位。德国著名的物理学家、能量守恒和转换定律的提出者赫尔姆霍兹(1821—1894)说过:“学者……必须经过比语法所提供的训练更为严格的训练”。可见语法是每个学者所必须经受的一种最基本的严格训练。语法可以锻炼人的思维,使其条理化、精密化。凡是写文章不合语法逻辑的人,他的思维也必然是混乱的。 我国的《易经·乾·文言》中说过“修辞立其诚,所以居业也”,从此在我国的文献中,“修”和“辞”两字经常连用。《礼记·表记》上指出:“情欲信,辞欲巧”。元代的王枸(肯堂)著有《修辞鉴衡》。宋代陈骙的《文则》举出“取喻之法,大概有十:直喻、隐喻、类喻、诘喻、对喻、博喻、简喻、详喻、引喻、虚喻”。这是独立于外国,中国人自己总结出的辞格。《左传》记载孔子的话:“仲尼曰:志有之。言以足志,文以足言。不言谁知其志。言之无文,行而不远”。这里的“文”,指的是语言必须具有美好的文采。亚里士多德说:
In the classical European classical education system, a total of seven general cultural courses, known as the seven arts. The seven arts are grammar, rhetoric, logic (medieval called dialectics), arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. The first of these seven arts is grammar and rhetoric. The logic of the third course is also closely related to grammar. Therefore, these three courses are commonly known as three arts. This shows how grammar, rhetoric and logic occupy an important position in the educational system. Helmholtz (1821-1894), the famous German physicist and author of the law of conservation and conversion, said: “Scholars ... must undergo more rigorous training than the training provided by grammar.” Grammar can be seen is that each scholar must withstand the most basic strict training. Grammar can exercise people’s thinking, making it organized and refined. Those who write articles that do not conform to grammatical logic must also be confused in their thinking. In our country’s “Book of Changes · Dry · Classical Chinese”, we have said that “since the rhetoric established its sincerity, it also occupies a good place.” Since then, the word “repair” and “speech” have been frequently used in our literature. “Book of Rites table” pointed out: “Lust letter, exaggeration clever.” Wang Yuan (Ken Tang) in the Yuan Dynasty was author of “Rhetoric Appreciation.” Chen Song of the Song Dynasty, “Wen Ze” cited the “metaphor of the law, there are about ten: direct metaphor, metaphor, metaphor, metaphors, metaphor, metaphor, metaphor, metaphor, metaphor.” This is a speech that is independent of foreign countries and summed up by the Chinese themselves. “Zuo Zhuan” records the words of Confucius: “Zhong Ni said: Zhiyouzhi .Take enough Zhi, Wen to foot words. The ”text" here refers to the language must have a good literary talent. Aristotle said: