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动词是一个句子的核心部分,按照其在句子中的功用常分为及物动词和不及物动词。通常及物动词后可以直接带宾语,而不及物动词则不能直接带宾语。英语中动词有五种基本形式:动词原形;第三人称单数现在式;过去式;过去分词和现在分词。这五种形式和助动词一起构成动词的各种时态和语态。本文试结合典型中考试题,就动词常见考查热点做分类例析。
动词时态
英语时态用共有十六种时态,初中常用的有7种,它们是:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时、过去进行时、过去完成时。
研读近年来的中考试题可以发现,对时态的考查通常有以下几种情况:一是试题情境具有典型的时态标志;二是创设一定的语境综合考查时态;三是考查综合的时态运用。
一、典型类时态题命题手法及应试对策。
【命题手法】这类试题常给出动作发生的时间状语或以特定词汇的形式给出动作发生的时间背景,主要考查考生识别时态的能力。
[经典试题] —Do you miss your parent far away?
—Yes, very much. They the hometown for over two years. (2012年 泰州)
A. left B. have left
C. were away from D. have been away from
[简析] 由时间状语for over two years可知,用现在完成时,且动词用延续性的,故选D。
【应试对策】要熟悉特定时间状语所对应的时态及其规律。如,now, at present往往对应一般现在时或现在进行时;yesterday, last week, a few years ago 往往标志着一般过去时;at that time, at the time, at this time yesterday, then往往标志着过去进行时;tomorrow, next week, in an hour往往标志着一般将来时;at this time tomorrow, at five tomorrow afternoon往往标志着一般将来时或将来进行时。
还要熟悉特定词汇标志着特定时态的规律。如,often, always, usually, never, seldom表示经常性、习惯性动作,用一般现在时或者一般过去时;for 时间段和since 时间点往往表明到现在或过去某一时间为止,某动作已持续多长时间,应用现在或者过去完成时;by后接过去时间状语常表示到过去某一时刻为止已经完成的动作,应该用过去完成时;up to now / today, until now / today, recently, lately, in recent years, all these days, so far,several times往往表示到现在/今天为止或近来动作已持续多长时间,或发生多少次数,应该用现在完成时;in the past / last two years表示在到目前为止已经过去的几年里,应该用现在完成时。
二、语境类时态题命题手法及应试对策。
【命题手法】这类试题通常没有明确时态标志,而是通过创设鲜活的语境,来考查考生在较真实的语言情境下对动词时态的准确判断。
[经典试题] -I called you this morning, but nobody answered it.
-Oh, we _____ some running in the park. (2012 山东日照)
A. are doing B. were doing C. have done D. did
[简析]由第一句语境“今天早上我给你打电话,但是没人接”可知说的是过去的事,原因是“那时我正在公园里跑步”,所以用过去进行时,答案选择B。
【应试对策】认真阅读试题,领悟试题所创设的语境,努力寻找确定时态的依据。
三、综合型时态题命题手法及应试对策。
【命题手法】
1. 一般现在时代替一般将来时的时态题:这种时态题或以条件状语从句、时间状语从句为试题题干,或将动词设定为come, go, leave, arrive, start, fly, drive等严格按照时间表发生的表示"起、止"的动词;
2. 陷阱型时态题:这种试题题干中的动词或动词时态具有较强的迷惑作用,往往能诱使考生使用另一动词的时态。
[经典试题] —Who is Jerry Cooper?
— _______ ? I saw you shaking hands with him at the meeting. (08年 广元)
A. Don’t you meet him yet B. Hadn’t you met him yet
C. Didn’t you meet him yet D. Haven’t you met him yet
[简析]认真分析语境可知,本题为对话式直接引语,标准对照时间点为现在,该空表示“你到现在为止还没遇到他吗?”,因此应该用现在完成时。解本题时不能受"saw"的误导,把标准对照时间点误定为过去而误用过去完成时,故正确答案是D项。
【应试对策】现在型将来时:牢记只有表示时间或条件的状语从句才能使用一般现在时代替一般将来时, come, go, leave, arrive, start, fly, drive等严格按照时间表发生的表示"起、止"的动词可使用一般现在时代替一般将来时;陷阱型时态题:结合语境认真分析题干动词形式及时态与所需动词形式及时态的不同之处再进行判断。 [误] The little girl is often heard sing in the room.
[正] The little girl is often heard to sing in the room.
[经典试题] If you see the cartoon film, it will make you ______.(2011年 山东)
A. laugh B. to laugh C. laughing D. laughed
[简析]make作为使役性动词时,后接省to的动词不定式做宾语补足语,故A项正确。
五、考查动词不定式做目的状语。
[知识清单]
1. 动词不定式作目的状语时,其动作发生在谓语动词的动作之后,一般位于句子后面。例如:
The whole family went to beach to spend their weekend.
全家人去海滨度周末。
2. 随着命题手法的不断创新,该考点往往和“意群”的正确划分结合起来考查。意群就是指句子中按意思和结构划分出的各个成分,每一个成分即称为一个意群。同一意群中的词与词的关系紧密相关,密不可分,否则就会引起误解。请看下面一道题:
—Will you please ______ me the favor to find a job, sir?
—Yes, I’ll do what I can ______ you.
A. to do; help B. do; help C. do; to help D. to do; to help
许多同学见到该题,往往会选择B,因为他们认为 can的后面一定要用动词原形,其实该题的正确答案是C项。 其意群是I will do/ what I can/ to help you, 从句what I can 作主句I will do的宾语。
六、 考查“连接代(副)词 动词不定式”结构的用法。
[知识清单]
1. 在‘疑问词加动词不定式’结构中,疑问代词(who,whether,what,which等)作及物动词的宾语;疑问副词(when,where,how,why等)作状语。中考往往借助语境来考查疑问词的选择。此时,同学们往往通过“逆推法”从下文中能找到解题的“蜘丝马迹”。例如:
—Do you know ________ the soldiers came to Yingxiu Town?
—The roads were badly broken. They had to walk there.
A. why B. when C. how D. where
解该题时如果不看应答语,则A、B、C三项皆可填入句中。此时,运用“逆推法”从下文中的“They had to walk there.”可以知道只有C项正确。
2. 在英语中有些词,如ask, decide, tell, know等后可接“疑问代(副)词 不定式”作宾语来对宾语从句进行简化。需要注意的是,进行简化的条件是主句中的主语和从句的主语必须是同一人称。
自主检测
用所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. I don’t believe what he ____________ (say) just now.
2. Stay at home. Don’t go outside. It ____________ (rain) now.
3. While we ____________ (talk) in the room, the light suddenly went out.
4. My sister ____________ (like) to learn how ____________ (cook) meals, and I like ____________ (eat) tasty meals.
5. The girls were made ____________ (work) twelve hours every day.
6. Linda ____________ (change) a lot since she entered Harvard University.
7. My father used to ____________ (smoke) a lot but later he gave up ____________ (smoke).
8. Stop ____________ (argue) and start ____________ (work).
9. The wet clothes ____________ often ____________ (hang) up near a fire in winter.
10. I’m sorry to keep you ____________ (wait) so long.
11. I don’t know if he ____________ (come). If he ___________ (come), please let me know.
12. The meeting ____________ (begin) when we got there.
13. This can help when you have difficulty ____________ (make) a decision.
14. It’s silly of you ____________ (not forgive) others for their faults.
15. The windows of the classroom ____________ (clean) every day.
16. The worker is hurt. He must ____________ (take) to the hospital at once.
17. Our teachers often encourage us ____________ (study) hard.
18. Thank you very much for ____________ (organize) the class trip.
19. To win the match, we all need to spend much time ____________ (practice) passing balls.
20. While we ____________ (chat) on the phone, the earthquake happened.
参考答案
1. said 2. is raining 3.were talking 4. likes; to cook; eating
5. to work 6. has changed 7. smoke; smoking 8. arguing; to work 9.were hung 10.waiting 11.will come; comes 12. had begun
13. making 14.not to forgive 15. are cleaned 16. be taken
17. to study 18. organizing 19. practising 20. were chatting
动词时态
英语时态用共有十六种时态,初中常用的有7种,它们是:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时、过去进行时、过去完成时。
研读近年来的中考试题可以发现,对时态的考查通常有以下几种情况:一是试题情境具有典型的时态标志;二是创设一定的语境综合考查时态;三是考查综合的时态运用。
一、典型类时态题命题手法及应试对策。
【命题手法】这类试题常给出动作发生的时间状语或以特定词汇的形式给出动作发生的时间背景,主要考查考生识别时态的能力。
[经典试题] —Do you miss your parent far away?
—Yes, very much. They the hometown for over two years. (2012年 泰州)
A. left B. have left
C. were away from D. have been away from
[简析] 由时间状语for over two years可知,用现在完成时,且动词用延续性的,故选D。
【应试对策】要熟悉特定时间状语所对应的时态及其规律。如,now, at present往往对应一般现在时或现在进行时;yesterday, last week, a few years ago 往往标志着一般过去时;at that time, at the time, at this time yesterday, then往往标志着过去进行时;tomorrow, next week, in an hour往往标志着一般将来时;at this time tomorrow, at five tomorrow afternoon往往标志着一般将来时或将来进行时。
还要熟悉特定词汇标志着特定时态的规律。如,often, always, usually, never, seldom表示经常性、习惯性动作,用一般现在时或者一般过去时;for 时间段和since 时间点往往表明到现在或过去某一时间为止,某动作已持续多长时间,应用现在或者过去完成时;by后接过去时间状语常表示到过去某一时刻为止已经完成的动作,应该用过去完成时;up to now / today, until now / today, recently, lately, in recent years, all these days, so far,several times往往表示到现在/今天为止或近来动作已持续多长时间,或发生多少次数,应该用现在完成时;in the past / last two years表示在到目前为止已经过去的几年里,应该用现在完成时。
二、语境类时态题命题手法及应试对策。
【命题手法】这类试题通常没有明确时态标志,而是通过创设鲜活的语境,来考查考生在较真实的语言情境下对动词时态的准确判断。
[经典试题] -I called you this morning, but nobody answered it.
-Oh, we _____ some running in the park. (2012 山东日照)
A. are doing B. were doing C. have done D. did
[简析]由第一句语境“今天早上我给你打电话,但是没人接”可知说的是过去的事,原因是“那时我正在公园里跑步”,所以用过去进行时,答案选择B。
【应试对策】认真阅读试题,领悟试题所创设的语境,努力寻找确定时态的依据。
三、综合型时态题命题手法及应试对策。
【命题手法】
1. 一般现在时代替一般将来时的时态题:这种时态题或以条件状语从句、时间状语从句为试题题干,或将动词设定为come, go, leave, arrive, start, fly, drive等严格按照时间表发生的表示"起、止"的动词;
2. 陷阱型时态题:这种试题题干中的动词或动词时态具有较强的迷惑作用,往往能诱使考生使用另一动词的时态。
[经典试题] —Who is Jerry Cooper?
— _______ ? I saw you shaking hands with him at the meeting. (08年 广元)
A. Don’t you meet him yet B. Hadn’t you met him yet
C. Didn’t you meet him yet D. Haven’t you met him yet
[简析]认真分析语境可知,本题为对话式直接引语,标准对照时间点为现在,该空表示“你到现在为止还没遇到他吗?”,因此应该用现在完成时。解本题时不能受"saw"的误导,把标准对照时间点误定为过去而误用过去完成时,故正确答案是D项。
【应试对策】现在型将来时:牢记只有表示时间或条件的状语从句才能使用一般现在时代替一般将来时, come, go, leave, arrive, start, fly, drive等严格按照时间表发生的表示"起、止"的动词可使用一般现在时代替一般将来时;陷阱型时态题:结合语境认真分析题干动词形式及时态与所需动词形式及时态的不同之处再进行判断。 [误] The little girl is often heard sing in the room.
[正] The little girl is often heard to sing in the room.
[经典试题] If you see the cartoon film, it will make you ______.(2011年 山东)
A. laugh B. to laugh C. laughing D. laughed
[简析]make作为使役性动词时,后接省to的动词不定式做宾语补足语,故A项正确。
五、考查动词不定式做目的状语。
[知识清单]
1. 动词不定式作目的状语时,其动作发生在谓语动词的动作之后,一般位于句子后面。例如:
The whole family went to beach to spend their weekend.
全家人去海滨度周末。
2. 随着命题手法的不断创新,该考点往往和“意群”的正确划分结合起来考查。意群就是指句子中按意思和结构划分出的各个成分,每一个成分即称为一个意群。同一意群中的词与词的关系紧密相关,密不可分,否则就会引起误解。请看下面一道题:
—Will you please ______ me the favor to find a job, sir?
—Yes, I’ll do what I can ______ you.
A. to do; help B. do; help C. do; to help D. to do; to help
许多同学见到该题,往往会选择B,因为他们认为 can的后面一定要用动词原形,其实该题的正确答案是C项。 其意群是I will do/ what I can/ to help you, 从句what I can 作主句I will do的宾语。
六、 考查“连接代(副)词 动词不定式”结构的用法。
[知识清单]
1. 在‘疑问词加动词不定式’结构中,疑问代词(who,whether,what,which等)作及物动词的宾语;疑问副词(when,where,how,why等)作状语。中考往往借助语境来考查疑问词的选择。此时,同学们往往通过“逆推法”从下文中能找到解题的“蜘丝马迹”。例如:
—Do you know ________ the soldiers came to Yingxiu Town?
—The roads were badly broken. They had to walk there.
A. why B. when C. how D. where
解该题时如果不看应答语,则A、B、C三项皆可填入句中。此时,运用“逆推法”从下文中的“They had to walk there.”可以知道只有C项正确。
2. 在英语中有些词,如ask, decide, tell, know等后可接“疑问代(副)词 不定式”作宾语来对宾语从句进行简化。需要注意的是,进行简化的条件是主句中的主语和从句的主语必须是同一人称。
自主检测
用所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. I don’t believe what he ____________ (say) just now.
2. Stay at home. Don’t go outside. It ____________ (rain) now.
3. While we ____________ (talk) in the room, the light suddenly went out.
4. My sister ____________ (like) to learn how ____________ (cook) meals, and I like ____________ (eat) tasty meals.
5. The girls were made ____________ (work) twelve hours every day.
6. Linda ____________ (change) a lot since she entered Harvard University.
7. My father used to ____________ (smoke) a lot but later he gave up ____________ (smoke).
8. Stop ____________ (argue) and start ____________ (work).
9. The wet clothes ____________ often ____________ (hang) up near a fire in winter.
10. I’m sorry to keep you ____________ (wait) so long.
11. I don’t know if he ____________ (come). If he ___________ (come), please let me know.
12. The meeting ____________ (begin) when we got there.
13. This can help when you have difficulty ____________ (make) a decision.
14. It’s silly of you ____________ (not forgive) others for their faults.
15. The windows of the classroom ____________ (clean) every day.
16. The worker is hurt. He must ____________ (take) to the hospital at once.
17. Our teachers often encourage us ____________ (study) hard.
18. Thank you very much for ____________ (organize) the class trip.
19. To win the match, we all need to spend much time ____________ (practice) passing balls.
20. While we ____________ (chat) on the phone, the earthquake happened.
参考答案
1. said 2. is raining 3.were talking 4. likes; to cook; eating
5. to work 6. has changed 7. smoke; smoking 8. arguing; to work 9.were hung 10.waiting 11.will come; comes 12. had begun
13. making 14.not to forgive 15. are cleaned 16. be taken
17. to study 18. organizing 19. practising 20. were chatting