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清末民国以来,中国社会由传统向现代的转型中,现代化所需的巨量资本压在了仍停留在糊口生活水平的小农身上,现代化的行政权力以及新式教育亦以国家强力向乡村挤压。在现代化的种种压力下,小农生活陷入贫困的深渊,乡村内生的自治资源受到削弱而新的行政整合机制亦带来了基层政权的“痞化”,乡村原有文化调节机制在新式教育模式的强力挤压下受到破坏,新式教育机制未能成功地在乡村落地生根。随着现代化负面效应的不断累积,20世纪二三十年代,中国乡村社会的经济、政治、文化陷入了全面的生态危机。
Since the end of the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, the huge amount of capital required for modernization has displaced China’s small-scale peasants still living on the subsistence level. The modern administrative power and new-style education have also squeezed the countryside with the country’s strength. Under the pressures of modernization, small-scale peasants’ lives have plunged into the abyss of poverty, the autonomous endowments of rural areas have been weakened, and the new administrative consolidation mechanism has brought about the “ruffianization” of the grassroots political power. The original rural cultural adjustment mechanism has made great progress in the new-type education mode Under the strong squeeze under the destruction of the new educational mechanism failed to successfully take root in the countryside. With the continuous accumulation of the negative effects of modernization, the economy, politics and culture of the Chinese rural society have plunged into a comprehensive ecological crisis in the 1920s and 1930s.