The Smuggling Approach to English and Chinese Passives

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@@ Collins (2005) proposes a smuggling approach to the English passive under which the external argument is merged in Spec, v in the same way as in the active as in (1a). Movement of the internal argument the book to Spec, I position is carried out in 2 steps: first the participle phrase written the book is moved to Spec, Voice as in (1b), and then the book is moved to Spec, I as in (1c).
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