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Pathogenic bacteria use the type Ⅲ secretion system to deliver effector proteins into host cells to modulate the host immune signaling pathways.Shigella infection causes bacillary dysentery,and requires its type Ⅲ secretion system to manipulate the host immune signaling pathways.We show that the Shigella type Ⅲ effector OspF inhibits the host MAPKs (Erk1/2,JNK and p38),but not NF k B signaling,by directly targeting the MAPKs.OspF removes the phosphate group on the phosphothreonine,but not on the phosphotyrosine in the kinase activation loop (pT-X-pY motif) of Erk,thereby eliminating the kinase activity.