Based on the data collected over 5 years of monitoring the lower reaches of Tarim River, we analyzed the spatio-temporal variability of the soil moisture and vegetation and their relationship.The results indicated that: (1) The soil moisture rose with increase in depth of soil layer;soil moisture in the soil layer from 0 to 60 cm was of moderate variability, below 60 cm was of strong variability, and soil moisture decreased significantly with the increase in the distance from the water source.