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The study at hand attempted to analyze the efficiency and productivity of Ethiopian commercial banks from 2010–2019.This is a period in which the country developed and implemented its growth and transformation plans in two phases.Aside from the technical efficiency and productivity associated with such phases,this study incorporates a resource-based view（RBV hereafter）theory into the primary stream of knowledge in the literature to make the analysis new and complete.Using the balanced panel data for 13 sampled commercial banks,Data Envelopment Analysis（DEA hereafter）,the DEA-based Malmquist productivity index,and the random effect model using ordinary least square（OLS）,yielded a number of intriguing results.The state-controlled bank,the “Commercial Bank of Ethiopia,” is fully efficient and outperforms private banks.The commercial banking industry as a whole is not efficient and productive.The Productivity regression is mainly because of the technological change problem.But,in the Growth and Transformation Plan（GTP）II period（the period extends from 2015–2019）,the industry enhanced its efficiency.The combinations of intangible and competence proxies combined with tangible assets enhanced the technical efficiency of decision-making units（DMUs hereafter）to some extent.However,intangible and capability proxies taken individually reveal a negative association with technical efficiency for commercial banks in Ethiopia.The findings support the resource-based view in terms of the potential benefits of intangibles and capabilities when combined with tangible resources,but they do not fully support it.The results of the study do not support the notion that intangible and capability resources alone may boost DMUs’ technical efficiency and make them efficient.The conclusion is that the intangible and capability resources used by the Ethiopian commercial banking industry,which include tangible assets,are inefficiently allocated and utilized.Following the resource-based view,commercial banks in Ethiopia have not been able to effectively capture and use their intangible and capability assets,as evidenced by their low contribution to bank efficiency performance.Because of the inefficient and ineffective use of intangible and capability resources,banks are subject to copying by competitors and may not maintain their sustainable competitive advantage.Besides,the findings revealed that in the non-globalized banking industry,as evidenced by Ethiopia,the main cause of productivity decline is the technological change problem rather than the efficiency change problem.