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一、《大宪章》的神话与历史学家的不解八百年前,在一处名为兰尼米德(Runnymede)的沼泽中,英格兰国王与“反对他的贵族们”[1]签署了一份长度史无前例的政治文件。它由各怀鬼胎的贵族和国王经过九天的讨价还价于1215年的6月15日通过,王室在随后的四天内复制了几十份副本,分别送往全国各地。此即为《大宪章》,不过是一份脆弱的政治协议,“它本身并不足以重建和平甚至确保其自身的执行”。[2]事实上也是如此,随后的发展告诉我们,无论是贵族
I. The Myth of the Magna Carta and the Historians’ Uncertainties Eight hundred years ago, in a swamp called Runnymede, the King of England was opposed to “his aristocrats” ] Signed a political document of unprecedented length. It was adopted by ghost-bereaved aristocrats and kings after nine days of bargaining on June 15, 1215, during which time the royal family copied dozens of copies and sent them to all parts of the country. This is the “Magna Carta,” but a frail political agreement. “It is not enough in itself to rebuild peace or even ensure its own implementation.” [2] In fact, too, the subsequent development tells us that no matter the aristocracy