论文部分内容阅读
雪桐 译
Eugen David from 2)Rosia Montana, a 3)small-time farmer with a chipped tooth and muddy boots in this obscure wrinkle of 4)Transylvania, is an unlikely man to attract the attention of movie stars and 5)moguls. But he counts 6)Vanessa Redgrave, 7)George Soros and 8)Teddy Goldsmith among his 9)backers in a land battle with a Canadian gold mining company-10)Gabriel Resources, who owns the rights to mine the hills in Rosia Montana.
In the old days, a 11)pipsqueak like Mr. David wouldn’t stand a chance fighting powerful and sophisticated adversaries like Gabriel Resources and its 12)minority partner, the Romanian government. But this is the Internet age, when local activists like Mr. David can tap into an increasingly 13)well-oiled global network of non-governmental organizations for financial and political support on a long list of causes and emerge with almost as much clout as any corporation.
Mr. David’s stubbornness has 14)struck a chord with the anti-globalization movement. Gabriel Resources’ proposed open-pit, 15)cyanide-leaching mining process has also drawn the 16)ire of international environmentalists who are now trying to stop it.
Mining is one of the world’s most unpopular pursuits these days, parti-cularly the gigantic 17)gouging that leaves the earth pocked with moonscape-like 18)craters a mile or more wide. Gold mining is disdained even more because of the perceived 19)frivolity of its end: to provide wealth for the rich, status for the everyman and hidden stores of wealth for nations.
But it also has a strong allure, particularly for resource-rich countries like Romania that are struggling to develop impoverished communities in need of jobs. The $3.7 billion project would pour more than $2 billion into the Romanian eco-nomy, and could earn Gabriel Resources and its shareholders profits of $1 billion or more. And the company involved here, a Toronto-based corporation with market capitalization of $1 billion, is run by 20)savvy mining executives, many of them highly experienced from 21)cutting their teeth building the 22)Barrick Gold Corporation, the largest gold mining company in the world.
Mr. David’s opposition might have 23)withered had it not been for an ill-advised plan to build a Dracula theme park near the picturesque Romanian town of 24)Sighisoara once home to 25)Vlad Dracula, the notorious Romanian ruler. Prince Charles of Britain, fond of Romania’s old 26)Saxon villages, was outraged. So was Teddy Goldsmith, the aging anti-globalist environmentalist and 27)scion of a wealthy business family. A Swiss-born environmental journalist named 28)Stephanie Roth, who wrote for Mr. Goldsmith’s magazine, 29)The Ecologist, moved to Romania to help defeat the project. With such powerful forces aligned against it, the theme park for Sighisoara died. While in Romania, Ms. Roth heard about the Gabriel Resources’ plan for Rosia Montana and went to meet Mr. David in April 2002. Within months, she had introduced him to some of the most powerful environmental organizations in the world.
Ms. Roth started by helping Mr. David’s group obtain a grant for a few hundred dollars from an American environmental organization, 30)Global Greengrants Fund. They organized a 31)public hearing in Rosia Montana that drew 40 non-governmental organizations with Romanian operations, including 32)Greenpeace, and 33)cata-pulted Mr. David’s dispute onto the national stage.
But the mining industry doesn’t easily back down. Hoping to extract an estimated 300 tons of gold and 1,200 tons of silver from the mine, Gabriel Resources introduced a public relations campaign with 34)Madison Avenue-style television commercials and community sponsorships to win over 960 Rosia Montana fa-milies that it needed to relocate. It cast itself as “an economic savior”.
Some efforts 35)backfired. Gabriel Resources helped sponsor the Transylvanian International Film Festival in nearby 36)Cluj-Napoca. But when its organizers invited Ms. Redgrave to receive a lifetime achievement award, Ms. Roth quickly put the actress and Mr. David together. Ms. Redgrave’s acceptance speech became a 37)rallying cry against Gabriel Resources’ project. The anti-Gabriel Resources’ movement had its mascot and the European press began covering the story.
Because of the polarizing debate surrounding open-pit gold mining, it is hard to find an unbiased commentator to assess the risks and benefits of Gabriel Resources’ proposed mine. A major focus of contention is the use of large quantities of highly toxic cyanide to separate gold and silver from the ore.
Gabriel Resources says it would build in safeguards. It has promised to convert most of the cyanide into a nontoxic compound, before discharging it into the mine’s 38)tailing pond. It also promises to clean up pollution left by past mining operations, and spend $70 million to do as much as possible to repair the altered landscape after its project is done.
That’s difficult for many people here to believe. The new project will grind down several hills, leaving four deep pits in their place, and slowly fill an entire valley with wastewater and tailings that will take years to solidify. Robert E. Moran, a mining expert hired by the opposition to evaluate the impact of Gabriel Resources’ plans, said that the mine, despite detoxification, would inevitably produce other toxic byproducts damaging to the environment, including heavy metals.
Eugen Bobar, 60, the school principal, says that the dispute is pitting parents against children, husbands against wives. “Most of the people who talk about the environment are just making an excuse,” Mr. Bobar said, sitting in the school’s office late one night. “They will leave for a good price.” Mr. David, however, insists there is a com-mitted core of opponents who will not sell, whatever the offer. In that case, Gabriel Resources warns, it may ask the state to step in and move people out by force. But that could lead to years of legal 39)wrangling.
The company has told its shareholders that it expects to receive final approval for the project from the Romanian government this year and will start producing gold by mid-2009.
Now Gabriel Resources is trying to win over the remaining 40)holdouts. It is spon-soring education for underprivileged children in Rosia Montana through a non-governmental organization.
罗马尼亚罗西尔蒙大拿市的犹金·戴维是一个身份卑微的农民，他裂了一颗牙，穿着泥泞的靴子，走在特兰西瓦尼亚地区不知名的崎岖小路上，本来不太可能吸引电影明星和有权势的人注意，但是他却在瓦内莎·立德格拉夫、乔治·索罗斯和特迪·戈德史密斯的支持下，与加拿大的一家金矿公司——加百利资源公司展开了一场土地争夺战。该公司拥有对罗西尔蒙大拿市矿山的开采权。
以前，像戴维先生这样的小人物决不可能和加百利资源公司这样一个强大且老于世故的对手作斗争，何况该公司还有一个股份较小的合作伙伴——罗马尼亚政府。但现在是互联网时代，像戴维先生这样的当地活动家可以联系一个越来越有效率的非政府组织全球网络，争取财务和政治上的支持。非政府组织襄助各种各样的社会运动，因此戴维先生可以造成的影响不逊于任何一家企业。
戴维先生的坚持已经在反全球化运动中引起了共鸣。加百利资源公司所建议的露天开采、过滤氰化物的采矿方法也引起了国际环保主义者们的愤怒，他们正在努力阻止该公司的计划。
现在，采矿已是最不得人心的行业之一，尤其因为它会在地球表面留下至少一英里（即1600米）宽的如同月球表面坑洞一样巨大的凹陷。另外，人们普遍认识到开采金矿的虚妄——为富人提供钱财，为普通人提升地位，为各国储存隐蔽的财富，因而对它愈加鄙视。
但金矿业也具有很强的诱惑力，特别是对于像罗马尼亚这样资源丰富，仍然在贫困中挣扎前行，并需要创造大量就业机会的国家来说。这个斥资37亿美元（即290亿元）的工程将给罗马尼亚的经济注入超过20亿美元（即155亿元）的资金，并使加百利资源公司及其股东们获得10亿美元（即77.3亿元）或更多的利润。总部设在加拿大多伦多市的加百利资源公司拥有10亿美元的市场资本，由许多精明能干的矿业行政人员管理，他们中的许多人都是世界上最大的金矿公司——巴力克金矿公司的创业元老。
如果不是因为一项愚蠢的计划，戴维先生的反对行动可能已经销声匿迹了。罗马尼亚政府打算在风景如画的锡吉什瓦拉镇附近建造一个以德古拉为主题的公园，那里是一位臭名昭著的罗马尼亚统治者弗拉德·德古拉的故乡。英国王储查尔斯非常喜爱罗马尼亚古老的撒克逊村庄，他听到这个消息时非常愤怒。特迪·戈德史密斯也有同感，他是一位年事已高的反全球化环保分子，还是富商的后代。在瑞士出生的环保新闻记者斯蒂芬妮·罗斯为戈德史密斯先生的杂志《生态学人》撰稿，她迁居罗马尼亚，为挫败公园方案出力。由于这样一些强大力量的联合反对，锡吉什瓦拉主题公园计划宣告破产。罗斯女士在罗马尼亚期间，听说了加百利资源公司打算开发罗西尔蒙大拿的消息，于是在2002年4月与戴维先生见面。不出几个月，她已经把戴维引荐给了世界上几个最有影响力的环境保护组织。
开始时，罗斯女士帮助戴维先生的团队争取到美国环保组织“全球绿色资助基金会”的一笔几百美元的资助。然后，他们在罗西尔蒙大拿举行公众听证会，吸引了40个活跃在罗马尼亚的非政府组织参加，包括“绿色和平组织”在内。通过这种方式，戴维先生的土地争夺战闻名全国。
但采矿业不会那么轻而易举地退出。期待能从这座矿山里开采出300吨黄金和1200吨白银的加百利资源公司用优美的美国式电视广告来推行公关活动，并且以社区赞助商的身份积极争取960多家需要搬迁的罗西尔蒙大拿居民的支持。它把自己打扮成“当地经济的救世主”。
它的部分努力产生了反效果。由加百利资源公司赞助的特兰西瓦尼亚国际电影节在附近的克卢日纳波卡城举行。但是当组织者邀请立德格拉夫女士接受终身成就奖时，罗斯女士迅速安排这位女演员和戴维先生会面。于是，立德格拉夫女士的得奖感言变成了反加百利资源公司计划的一次呼吁。既然反加百利资源公司的运动有了贵人相助，欧洲媒体便开始报道这件事情。
因为人们对于露天开采金矿持有两极分化的观点，所以很难找到一个中立的评论员来估算加百利资源公司提出的开采计划的风险和收益。争论的主要焦点之一是：从矿石中提取金银的过程需要大量使用毒性很强的氰化物。
加百利资源公司说他们将采取防护措施。他们承诺在把废物排放到尾矿池前，会将大部分的氰化物转化为一种无毒的化合物，还承诺会清理以前的采矿工程所造成的污染，并在计划完成后投入7000万美元（约5.4亿元）的资金，尽可能地修复发生改变的地貌。
很多当地人都不相信那些承诺。加百利资源公司的新方案将碾碎几座山，在这些山原来的位置上留下四个很深的坑，整个山谷会逐渐被浸泡在污水和矿石残渣里，那些残渣将要花几年时间才能固化。这项采矿计划的反对者们雇用了一位矿业专家罗伯特·E·莫兰来评估加百利资源公司的计划将带来的影响。莫兰先生说，即使在排污前将氰化物“解毒”，矿井仍难免产生其他包括重金属在内的危害环境的带毒性副产物。
60岁的校长犹金·伯巴说，相关的争论已经使父母和孩子、丈夫和妻子产生了分歧。“大多数提出环境问题的人其实是在找借口。”一天深夜，伯巴先生坐在学校的办公室里说道，“他们要得到满意的赔偿才愿意离开。”然而戴维先生却坚持认为，有一批中坚的反对者，他们是无论得到什么价钱也不会卖出土地的。加百利资源公司警告说，要真是那样，他们可能会请求国家介入，以强制的方法让人们离开。但那可能会导致持续数年的法律争议。
加百利资源公司已经告诉其股东们，他们的计划预计在今年会得到罗马尼亚政府的最终核准，到2009年中期，矿山有望开始生产黄金。
现在，加百利资源公司正在努力赢得其余反对者的支持。该公司正在通过一个非政府组织赞助罗西尔蒙大拿的贫困孩子们接受教育。
小资料
2006年6月2日至11日，罗马尼亚举行了第三届特兰西瓦尼亚国际电影节。这个影展的主力赞助金主是Gabriel Resources公司，因为它正积极进军欧洲，要在罗马尼亚的Rosia Montana地区开采全欧洲规模最大的金矿。这个影展今年将终身成就奖颁给了英国知名女星瓦内莎·立德格拉夫，她也欣然出席影展受奖。瓦内莎是影坛知名的特立独行女侠，她在接受这个终身成就奖时宣布要把奖座捐给当地反对Gabriel Resources公司在当地开采矿石的环保团体Alburnus Maior，并在媒体和影迷面前高声疾呼：“地球已经奄奄一息了，我们没有权力再做任何危及生态体系的事。”Alburnus Maior则回赠她Rosia Montana当地1平方公尺的土地，让她也能和这块土地产生连结关系。6月23日，Gabriel Resources公司在英国《卫报》刊登了全版公开信，反驳瓦内莎的观点。
弗拉德·德古拉是罗马尼亚历史上最著名的人物之一，生于特兰西瓦尼亚的锡吉什瓦拉镇。弗拉德继位后，首先与外国结盟，通过征战消灭了反对派以巩固自己的统治，并恢复了因连年战争而破坏的社会秩序，他还一直致力于发展国家经济，鼓励同西欧国家贸易。弗拉德还整顿了军队，增强了特兰西瓦尼亚的军事实力。
弗拉德习惯把犯人毫不留情地钉死在削尖的木桩上，而且他频繁用刑，不管是抓到的外国间谍、战俘，还是国内的窃贼、贪官，就是教士背后说人坏话也要受严刑，这使得国内人心惶惶，国家日益衰落。
Eugen David from 2)Rosia Montana, a 3)small-time farmer with a chipped tooth and muddy boots in this obscure wrinkle of 4)Transylvania, is an unlikely man to attract the attention of movie stars and 5)moguls. But he counts 6)Vanessa Redgrave, 7)George Soros and 8)Teddy Goldsmith among his 9)backers in a land battle with a Canadian gold mining company-10)Gabriel Resources, who owns the rights to mine the hills in Rosia Montana.
In the old days, a 11)pipsqueak like Mr. David wouldn’t stand a chance fighting powerful and sophisticated adversaries like Gabriel Resources and its 12)minority partner, the Romanian government. But this is the Internet age, when local activists like Mr. David can tap into an increasingly 13)well-oiled global network of non-governmental organizations for financial and political support on a long list of causes and emerge with almost as much clout as any corporation.
Mr. David’s stubbornness has 14)struck a chord with the anti-globalization movement. Gabriel Resources’ proposed open-pit, 15)cyanide-leaching mining process has also drawn the 16)ire of international environmentalists who are now trying to stop it.
Mining is one of the world’s most unpopular pursuits these days, parti-cularly the gigantic 17)gouging that leaves the earth pocked with moonscape-like 18)craters a mile or more wide. Gold mining is disdained even more because of the perceived 19)frivolity of its end: to provide wealth for the rich, status for the everyman and hidden stores of wealth for nations.
But it also has a strong allure, particularly for resource-rich countries like Romania that are struggling to develop impoverished communities in need of jobs. The $3.7 billion project would pour more than $2 billion into the Romanian eco-nomy, and could earn Gabriel Resources and its shareholders profits of $1 billion or more. And the company involved here, a Toronto-based corporation with market capitalization of $1 billion, is run by 20)savvy mining executives, many of them highly experienced from 21)cutting their teeth building the 22)Barrick Gold Corporation, the largest gold mining company in the world.
Mr. David’s opposition might have 23)withered had it not been for an ill-advised plan to build a Dracula theme park near the picturesque Romanian town of 24)Sighisoara once home to 25)Vlad Dracula, the notorious Romanian ruler. Prince Charles of Britain, fond of Romania’s old 26)Saxon villages, was outraged. So was Teddy Goldsmith, the aging anti-globalist environmentalist and 27)scion of a wealthy business family. A Swiss-born environmental journalist named 28)Stephanie Roth, who wrote for Mr. Goldsmith’s magazine, 29)The Ecologist, moved to Romania to help defeat the project. With such powerful forces aligned against it, the theme park for Sighisoara died. While in Romania, Ms. Roth heard about the Gabriel Resources’ plan for Rosia Montana and went to meet Mr. David in April 2002. Within months, she had introduced him to some of the most powerful environmental organizations in the world.
Ms. Roth started by helping Mr. David’s group obtain a grant for a few hundred dollars from an American environmental organization, 30)Global Greengrants Fund. They organized a 31)public hearing in Rosia Montana that drew 40 non-governmental organizations with Romanian operations, including 32)Greenpeace, and 33)cata-pulted Mr. David’s dispute onto the national stage.
But the mining industry doesn’t easily back down. Hoping to extract an estimated 300 tons of gold and 1,200 tons of silver from the mine, Gabriel Resources introduced a public relations campaign with 34)Madison Avenue-style television commercials and community sponsorships to win over 960 Rosia Montana fa-milies that it needed to relocate. It cast itself as “an economic savior”.
Some efforts 35)backfired. Gabriel Resources helped sponsor the Transylvanian International Film Festival in nearby 36)Cluj-Napoca. But when its organizers invited Ms. Redgrave to receive a lifetime achievement award, Ms. Roth quickly put the actress and Mr. David together. Ms. Redgrave’s acceptance speech became a 37)rallying cry against Gabriel Resources’ project. The anti-Gabriel Resources’ movement had its mascot and the European press began covering the story.
Because of the polarizing debate surrounding open-pit gold mining, it is hard to find an unbiased commentator to assess the risks and benefits of Gabriel Resources’ proposed mine. A major focus of contention is the use of large quantities of highly toxic cyanide to separate gold and silver from the ore.
Gabriel Resources says it would build in safeguards. It has promised to convert most of the cyanide into a nontoxic compound, before discharging it into the mine’s 38)tailing pond. It also promises to clean up pollution left by past mining operations, and spend $70 million to do as much as possible to repair the altered landscape after its project is done.
That’s difficult for many people here to believe. The new project will grind down several hills, leaving four deep pits in their place, and slowly fill an entire valley with wastewater and tailings that will take years to solidify. Robert E. Moran, a mining expert hired by the opposition to evaluate the impact of Gabriel Resources’ plans, said that the mine, despite detoxification, would inevitably produce other toxic byproducts damaging to the environment, including heavy metals.
Eugen Bobar, 60, the school principal, says that the dispute is pitting parents against children, husbands against wives. “Most of the people who talk about the environment are just making an excuse,” Mr. Bobar said, sitting in the school’s office late one night. “They will leave for a good price.” Mr. David, however, insists there is a com-mitted core of opponents who will not sell, whatever the offer. In that case, Gabriel Resources warns, it may ask the state to step in and move people out by force. But that could lead to years of legal 39)wrangling.
The company has told its shareholders that it expects to receive final approval for the project from the Romanian government this year and will start producing gold by mid-2009.
Now Gabriel Resources is trying to win over the remaining 40)holdouts. It is spon-soring education for underprivileged children in Rosia Montana through a non-governmental organization.
罗马尼亚罗西尔蒙大拿市的犹金·戴维是一个身份卑微的农民，他裂了一颗牙，穿着泥泞的靴子，走在特兰西瓦尼亚地区不知名的崎岖小路上，本来不太可能吸引电影明星和有权势的人注意，但是他却在瓦内莎·立德格拉夫、乔治·索罗斯和特迪·戈德史密斯的支持下，与加拿大的一家金矿公司——加百利资源公司展开了一场土地争夺战。该公司拥有对罗西尔蒙大拿市矿山的开采权。
以前，像戴维先生这样的小人物决不可能和加百利资源公司这样一个强大且老于世故的对手作斗争，何况该公司还有一个股份较小的合作伙伴——罗马尼亚政府。但现在是互联网时代，像戴维先生这样的当地活动家可以联系一个越来越有效率的非政府组织全球网络，争取财务和政治上的支持。非政府组织襄助各种各样的社会运动，因此戴维先生可以造成的影响不逊于任何一家企业。
戴维先生的坚持已经在反全球化运动中引起了共鸣。加百利资源公司所建议的露天开采、过滤氰化物的采矿方法也引起了国际环保主义者们的愤怒，他们正在努力阻止该公司的计划。
现在，采矿已是最不得人心的行业之一，尤其因为它会在地球表面留下至少一英里（即1600米）宽的如同月球表面坑洞一样巨大的凹陷。另外，人们普遍认识到开采金矿的虚妄——为富人提供钱财，为普通人提升地位，为各国储存隐蔽的财富，因而对它愈加鄙视。
但金矿业也具有很强的诱惑力，特别是对于像罗马尼亚这样资源丰富，仍然在贫困中挣扎前行，并需要创造大量就业机会的国家来说。这个斥资37亿美元（即290亿元）的工程将给罗马尼亚的经济注入超过20亿美元（即155亿元）的资金，并使加百利资源公司及其股东们获得10亿美元（即77.3亿元）或更多的利润。总部设在加拿大多伦多市的加百利资源公司拥有10亿美元的市场资本，由许多精明能干的矿业行政人员管理，他们中的许多人都是世界上最大的金矿公司——巴力克金矿公司的创业元老。
如果不是因为一项愚蠢的计划，戴维先生的反对行动可能已经销声匿迹了。罗马尼亚政府打算在风景如画的锡吉什瓦拉镇附近建造一个以德古拉为主题的公园，那里是一位臭名昭著的罗马尼亚统治者弗拉德·德古拉的故乡。英国王储查尔斯非常喜爱罗马尼亚古老的撒克逊村庄，他听到这个消息时非常愤怒。特迪·戈德史密斯也有同感，他是一位年事已高的反全球化环保分子，还是富商的后代。在瑞士出生的环保新闻记者斯蒂芬妮·罗斯为戈德史密斯先生的杂志《生态学人》撰稿，她迁居罗马尼亚，为挫败公园方案出力。由于这样一些强大力量的联合反对，锡吉什瓦拉主题公园计划宣告破产。罗斯女士在罗马尼亚期间，听说了加百利资源公司打算开发罗西尔蒙大拿的消息，于是在2002年4月与戴维先生见面。不出几个月，她已经把戴维引荐给了世界上几个最有影响力的环境保护组织。
开始时，罗斯女士帮助戴维先生的团队争取到美国环保组织“全球绿色资助基金会”的一笔几百美元的资助。然后，他们在罗西尔蒙大拿举行公众听证会，吸引了40个活跃在罗马尼亚的非政府组织参加，包括“绿色和平组织”在内。通过这种方式，戴维先生的土地争夺战闻名全国。
但采矿业不会那么轻而易举地退出。期待能从这座矿山里开采出300吨黄金和1200吨白银的加百利资源公司用优美的美国式电视广告来推行公关活动，并且以社区赞助商的身份积极争取960多家需要搬迁的罗西尔蒙大拿居民的支持。它把自己打扮成“当地经济的救世主”。
它的部分努力产生了反效果。由加百利资源公司赞助的特兰西瓦尼亚国际电影节在附近的克卢日纳波卡城举行。但是当组织者邀请立德格拉夫女士接受终身成就奖时，罗斯女士迅速安排这位女演员和戴维先生会面。于是，立德格拉夫女士的得奖感言变成了反加百利资源公司计划的一次呼吁。既然反加百利资源公司的运动有了贵人相助，欧洲媒体便开始报道这件事情。
因为人们对于露天开采金矿持有两极分化的观点，所以很难找到一个中立的评论员来估算加百利资源公司提出的开采计划的风险和收益。争论的主要焦点之一是：从矿石中提取金银的过程需要大量使用毒性很强的氰化物。
加百利资源公司说他们将采取防护措施。他们承诺在把废物排放到尾矿池前，会将大部分的氰化物转化为一种无毒的化合物，还承诺会清理以前的采矿工程所造成的污染，并在计划完成后投入7000万美元（约5.4亿元）的资金，尽可能地修复发生改变的地貌。
很多当地人都不相信那些承诺。加百利资源公司的新方案将碾碎几座山，在这些山原来的位置上留下四个很深的坑，整个山谷会逐渐被浸泡在污水和矿石残渣里，那些残渣将要花几年时间才能固化。这项采矿计划的反对者们雇用了一位矿业专家罗伯特·E·莫兰来评估加百利资源公司的计划将带来的影响。莫兰先生说，即使在排污前将氰化物“解毒”，矿井仍难免产生其他包括重金属在内的危害环境的带毒性副产物。
60岁的校长犹金·伯巴说，相关的争论已经使父母和孩子、丈夫和妻子产生了分歧。“大多数提出环境问题的人其实是在找借口。”一天深夜，伯巴先生坐在学校的办公室里说道，“他们要得到满意的赔偿才愿意离开。”然而戴维先生却坚持认为，有一批中坚的反对者，他们是无论得到什么价钱也不会卖出土地的。加百利资源公司警告说，要真是那样，他们可能会请求国家介入，以强制的方法让人们离开。但那可能会导致持续数年的法律争议。
加百利资源公司已经告诉其股东们，他们的计划预计在今年会得到罗马尼亚政府的最终核准，到2009年中期，矿山有望开始生产黄金。
现在，加百利资源公司正在努力赢得其余反对者的支持。该公司正在通过一个非政府组织赞助罗西尔蒙大拿的贫困孩子们接受教育。
小资料
2006年6月2日至11日，罗马尼亚举行了第三届特兰西瓦尼亚国际电影节。这个影展的主力赞助金主是Gabriel Resources公司，因为它正积极进军欧洲，要在罗马尼亚的Rosia Montana地区开采全欧洲规模最大的金矿。这个影展今年将终身成就奖颁给了英国知名女星瓦内莎·立德格拉夫，她也欣然出席影展受奖。瓦内莎是影坛知名的特立独行女侠，她在接受这个终身成就奖时宣布要把奖座捐给当地反对Gabriel Resources公司在当地开采矿石的环保团体Alburnus Maior，并在媒体和影迷面前高声疾呼：“地球已经奄奄一息了，我们没有权力再做任何危及生态体系的事。”Alburnus Maior则回赠她Rosia Montana当地1平方公尺的土地，让她也能和这块土地产生连结关系。6月23日，Gabriel Resources公司在英国《卫报》刊登了全版公开信，反驳瓦内莎的观点。
弗拉德·德古拉是罗马尼亚历史上最著名的人物之一，生于特兰西瓦尼亚的锡吉什瓦拉镇。弗拉德继位后，首先与外国结盟，通过征战消灭了反对派以巩固自己的统治，并恢复了因连年战争而破坏的社会秩序，他还一直致力于发展国家经济，鼓励同西欧国家贸易。弗拉德还整顿了军队，增强了特兰西瓦尼亚的军事实力。
弗拉德习惯把犯人毫不留情地钉死在削尖的木桩上，而且他频繁用刑，不管是抓到的外国间谍、战俘，还是国内的窃贼、贪官，就是教士背后说人坏话也要受严刑，这使得国内人心惶惶，国家日益衰落。