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一、that和what
先看一道高考题:
impressed me most was such a little boy could play the violin so well.
A. That; whatB. What; that
C. That; thatD. What; what
答案:B。第一空是what 引导的主语从句,并在主语从句中作主语;第二空是that 引导的表语从句,that在表语从句中不能省略,不作成分,也没词义。
what可用作关系代词,意为“所……的事或物”,用来引导各种名词性从句,并在从句中做主语、宾语或表语。如:
① What he said was true. 他所讲的是事实。(what引导主语从句,并在从句中做said的宾语)
② He did what he could to help her. 他尽全力来帮她。(what 引导宾语从句,并在从句中做省略了的do的宾语)
③ The boy isn’t what he used to be. 这孩子不再是过去的样子了。(what引导表语从句,并在从句中做be的表语)
④ I have no idea what has happened to her. 我不知道她发生了什么事。 (what引导同位语从句,并在从句中做主语)
that 也可用来引导名词性从句,但 that本身无意义,也不在从句中做任何成分,仅仅起一个连接的作用,它所引导的名词性从句的句子结构和意义都完整。如:
① That she lacks experience is obvious. 她缺少经验,这是显然的。(引导主语从句)
② He realized that she was exhausted too. 他意识到她也精疲力尽。(引导宾语从句)
③ My idea is that you shouldn’t have left the country. 我的意见是你不应该离开那个国家(引导表语从句)
④ Bob has the mistaken idea that tomorrow is a holiday. 鲍勃错误地认为明天是一个假日。(引导同位语从句)
巩固训练:
A modern city has been set up in was a wasteland ten years ago. (2006安徽卷)
A. whatB. whichC. thatD. where
答案:A。
You can only be sure of you have at present; you cannot be sure of something you might get in the future. (2007安徽卷)
A. that; whatB. what; /
C. which; thatD. /; that
答案:B。
light travels in straight lines is known to all.
A. WhatB. whichC. whetherD. That
答案:D。
There is much chance Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.
A. thatB. whichC. untilD. if
答案:A。
二、if 和whether
1. 通常用whether的场合。
(1) 引导主语从句时。如:
Whether the news is true remains a question. 这个消息是否真实仍然是个问题。
It is still a question whether he will come. 他是否会来还是个问题。
(2) 引导表语从句时。如:
The question is whether we should go on with the work. 问题是我们是否应该继续进行这项工作。
(3) 引导宾语从句且放在句首时。如:
Whether he is single, I don’t know. 他是否单身,我不知道。
(4) 引导同位语从句时。如:
The question whether we’ll build another lecture building hasn’t been settled.
是否要另建一幢教学楼的问题还未决定。
(5) 用于介词之后时。如:
It depends on whether the letter arrives in time. 这取决于信是否来得及时。
(6) 引导让步状语从句时。如:
Whether he agrees or not, I shall do that. 不管他同意与否,我都要那样做。
(7) 用于不定式之前时。如:
I’m not sure whether to stay or leave. 我不知是留还是去。
(8) 直接与or not 连用时。如:
I will write to you whether or not I can come. 我能不能来,我将写信告诉你。
注:若不是直接与or not 用在一起,则有时也可用 if。如:
I don’t know whether /if he will win or not. 我不知他是否能赢。
(9) 在某些动词后(如 discuss等) 通常只用 whether。如:
We discussed whether we should hold a meeting. 我们讨论了是否要开一个会。
2. 通常用 if 的场合
当引导一个否定的宾语从句时,通常用 if 而不用 whether。如:
I don’t care if it will rain tomorrow. 我不在乎明天是否下雨。
3. 互换的场合
引导动词后宾语从句表示“是否”时, 两者常可互换。如:
Nobody knows whether /if it will rain tomorrow. 没有人知道明天是否下雨。
Lucy asked whether /if they had a cotton sweater. 露西问他们是否有棉制的羊毛衣。
巩固训练:
the 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet. (NMET’92)
A. ThatB. If
C. WhetherD. Whenever
答案:C。
三、who和whoever
who 和whoever都可以引导名词性从句,它们都有“谁”的含义,但能否互相替代呢?请观察下列句子并选择正确选项:
(A) leaves the room last ought to turn off the light.
A. AnyoneB. Who
C. WhoeverD. No matter who
(B) will give us a talk is unknown to us all.
A. WhoeverB. Who
C. AnyoneD. No matter who
句 (A) 的正确选项为C。whoever是表示任何一个人或事物,无范围可言,相当于anyone who。句 (A) 的意思是:无论谁最后离开房间都应该关灯。又如:
Whoever (Anyone who) breaks the law should be punished. 不管谁违法都应该受到惩罚。
句 (B) 的正确选项为B。who虽然也可以引导主语从句,但它常保留本身疑问的含义,是指具体的人或物。句 (B) 的意思为:对我们大家来说,谁给我们讲话还不知道。又如:
Who will go with us has not yet been decided. 谁和我们一起去还没决定。
巩固训练:
It was a matter of would take the position.
A. WhoeverB. Who
C. AnyoneD. No matter who
答案:B。
Sarah hopes to become a friend of shares her interests.
A. whoeverB. whomever
C. anyoneD. no matter who
答案:A。
注意:此题不能选择B,因为of后的宾语从句缺少主语而不是宾语,故用主格whoever,即anyone who。
四、no matter + what / who...和whatever / whoever...
当引导让步状语从句时,两者相同,可以互换,但当引导名词性从句 (主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句) 时则只能用whatever (whoever, whichever, whenever, etc)。
However (=No matter how) expensive it may be, I’ll take it. 无论它有多贵,我也要买下它。
Don’t let them in, whoever (=no matter who) they are. 不管他们是谁,别让他们进来。
下面的句子不能用no matter结构:
I’ll eat whatever (≠no matter what) you give me. 你给我吃什么,我就吃什么。(whatever引导宾语从句)
Whoever (≠no matter who) comes will be welcome. 不管谁来都受到欢迎。(Whoever引导主语从句)
即时巩固
1. Could you speak to is in charge of International Sales, please.
A. anyoneB. someone
C. whoeverD. no matter who
2. You’d better give the task to you think can succeed in carrying it out ahead of time.
A. whoeverB. whomever
C. anyoneD. no matter who
3. The prize will go to of you writes the best essay.
A. whicheverB. whatever
C. whomeverD. whoever
4. I am, it’s useful to know foreign languages.
A. WhoeverB. Whatever
C. WhomeverD. However
答案:1—4 CAAB
(作者:王号召,安徽省萧县中学)
先看一道高考题:
impressed me most was such a little boy could play the violin so well.
A. That; whatB. What; that
C. That; thatD. What; what
答案:B。第一空是what 引导的主语从句,并在主语从句中作主语;第二空是that 引导的表语从句,that在表语从句中不能省略,不作成分,也没词义。
what可用作关系代词,意为“所……的事或物”,用来引导各种名词性从句,并在从句中做主语、宾语或表语。如:
① What he said was true. 他所讲的是事实。(what引导主语从句,并在从句中做said的宾语)
② He did what he could to help her. 他尽全力来帮她。(what 引导宾语从句,并在从句中做省略了的do的宾语)
③ The boy isn’t what he used to be. 这孩子不再是过去的样子了。(what引导表语从句,并在从句中做be的表语)
④ I have no idea what has happened to her. 我不知道她发生了什么事。 (what引导同位语从句,并在从句中做主语)
that 也可用来引导名词性从句,但 that本身无意义,也不在从句中做任何成分,仅仅起一个连接的作用,它所引导的名词性从句的句子结构和意义都完整。如:
① That she lacks experience is obvious. 她缺少经验,这是显然的。(引导主语从句)
② He realized that she was exhausted too. 他意识到她也精疲力尽。(引导宾语从句)
③ My idea is that you shouldn’t have left the country. 我的意见是你不应该离开那个国家(引导表语从句)
④ Bob has the mistaken idea that tomorrow is a holiday. 鲍勃错误地认为明天是一个假日。(引导同位语从句)
巩固训练:
A modern city has been set up in was a wasteland ten years ago. (2006安徽卷)
A. whatB. whichC. thatD. where
答案:A。
You can only be sure of you have at present; you cannot be sure of something you might get in the future. (2007安徽卷)
A. that; whatB. what; /
C. which; thatD. /; that
答案:B。
light travels in straight lines is known to all.
A. WhatB. whichC. whetherD. That
答案:D。
There is much chance Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.
A. thatB. whichC. untilD. if
答案:A。
二、if 和whether
1. 通常用whether的场合。
(1) 引导主语从句时。如:
Whether the news is true remains a question. 这个消息是否真实仍然是个问题。
It is still a question whether he will come. 他是否会来还是个问题。
(2) 引导表语从句时。如:
The question is whether we should go on with the work. 问题是我们是否应该继续进行这项工作。
(3) 引导宾语从句且放在句首时。如:
Whether he is single, I don’t know. 他是否单身,我不知道。
(4) 引导同位语从句时。如:
The question whether we’ll build another lecture building hasn’t been settled.
是否要另建一幢教学楼的问题还未决定。
(5) 用于介词之后时。如:
It depends on whether the letter arrives in time. 这取决于信是否来得及时。
(6) 引导让步状语从句时。如:
Whether he agrees or not, I shall do that. 不管他同意与否,我都要那样做。
(7) 用于不定式之前时。如:
I’m not sure whether to stay or leave. 我不知是留还是去。
(8) 直接与or not 连用时。如:
I will write to you whether or not I can come. 我能不能来,我将写信告诉你。
注:若不是直接与or not 用在一起,则有时也可用 if。如:
I don’t know whether /if he will win or not. 我不知他是否能赢。
(9) 在某些动词后(如 discuss等) 通常只用 whether。如:
We discussed whether we should hold a meeting. 我们讨论了是否要开一个会。
2. 通常用 if 的场合
当引导一个否定的宾语从句时,通常用 if 而不用 whether。如:
I don’t care if it will rain tomorrow. 我不在乎明天是否下雨。
3. 互换的场合
引导动词后宾语从句表示“是否”时, 两者常可互换。如:
Nobody knows whether /if it will rain tomorrow. 没有人知道明天是否下雨。
Lucy asked whether /if they had a cotton sweater. 露西问他们是否有棉制的羊毛衣。
巩固训练:
the 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet. (NMET’92)
A. ThatB. If
C. WhetherD. Whenever
答案:C。
三、who和whoever
who 和whoever都可以引导名词性从句,它们都有“谁”的含义,但能否互相替代呢?请观察下列句子并选择正确选项:
(A) leaves the room last ought to turn off the light.
A. AnyoneB. Who
C. WhoeverD. No matter who
(B) will give us a talk is unknown to us all.
A. WhoeverB. Who
C. AnyoneD. No matter who
句 (A) 的正确选项为C。whoever是表示任何一个人或事物,无范围可言,相当于anyone who。句 (A) 的意思是:无论谁最后离开房间都应该关灯。又如:
Whoever (Anyone who) breaks the law should be punished. 不管谁违法都应该受到惩罚。
句 (B) 的正确选项为B。who虽然也可以引导主语从句,但它常保留本身疑问的含义,是指具体的人或物。句 (B) 的意思为:对我们大家来说,谁给我们讲话还不知道。又如:
Who will go with us has not yet been decided. 谁和我们一起去还没决定。
巩固训练:
It was a matter of would take the position.
A. WhoeverB. Who
C. AnyoneD. No matter who
答案:B。
Sarah hopes to become a friend of shares her interests.
A. whoeverB. whomever
C. anyoneD. no matter who
答案:A。
注意:此题不能选择B,因为of后的宾语从句缺少主语而不是宾语,故用主格whoever,即anyone who。
四、no matter + what / who...和whatever / whoever...
当引导让步状语从句时,两者相同,可以互换,但当引导名词性从句 (主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句) 时则只能用whatever (whoever, whichever, whenever, etc)。
However (=No matter how) expensive it may be, I’ll take it. 无论它有多贵,我也要买下它。
Don’t let them in, whoever (=no matter who) they are. 不管他们是谁,别让他们进来。
下面的句子不能用no matter结构:
I’ll eat whatever (≠no matter what) you give me. 你给我吃什么,我就吃什么。(whatever引导宾语从句)
Whoever (≠no matter who) comes will be welcome. 不管谁来都受到欢迎。(Whoever引导主语从句)
即时巩固
1. Could you speak to is in charge of International Sales, please.
A. anyoneB. someone
C. whoeverD. no matter who
2. You’d better give the task to you think can succeed in carrying it out ahead of time.
A. whoeverB. whomever
C. anyoneD. no matter who
3. The prize will go to of you writes the best essay.
A. whicheverB. whatever
C. whomeverD. whoever
4. I am, it’s useful to know foreign languages.
A. WhoeverB. Whatever
C. WhomeverD. However
答案:1—4 CAAB
(作者:王号召,安徽省萧县中学)