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【摘 要】 目的 评价帕洛诺司琼联合地塞米松预防老年肺癌含铂方案化疗所致恶心、呕吐的有效性和安全性。方法 将用含铂化疗方案的71例老年肺癌患者随机分为观察组35例,对照组36例,观察组于化疗前30min缓慢静脉注射帕洛诺司琼0.25mg,对照组静脉滴注托烷司琼5mg,2组均于第1-4天化疗前分别静脉滴注地塞米松5mg,观察患者化疗引起的急性期、延迟期及全期呕吐的完全缓解率(CRR)及无呕吐发作百分率。结果 2组急性期、延迟期CRR比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但观察组全期CRR高于对照组(P <0.05);2组急性期无呕吐发作率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但在延迟期及全期差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。2组不良反应主要为头痛、便秘、眩晕及腹部不适等,症状轻微,患者耐受性好。结论 帕洛诺司琼联合地塞米松能有效地预防高致吐性化疗药所致急性期、延迟期呕吐反应,对于延迟期呕吐反应其疗效优于托烷司琼,且安全性高。
【关键词】 抗肿瘤含铂化疗方案 恶心呕吐 5-HT3 帕洛诺司琼 托烷司琼 老年
Observation on the efficacy of palonosetron in preventing chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting on lung cancer in elderly patients
Shen Li, Shen Hong, Du Qiang, Cai Jian Kang
(Department of Respiratory,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nan Jin Medical University, Nanjin 210011,China)
【Abstract】 Objective To observe and assess the efficacy and safety of palonosetron plus dexamethasone in preventing Pt.containing chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting on elderly lung cancer patients. Methods This study was performed as a randomized clinical control trial. Seventy-one elderly lung cancer patients administered Pt.containing chemotherapy were included in the clinical trail.Results There was no significant difference in CRR during acute phase and delayed phase between treatment group and control group (P>0.05). The CRR of total phase (0~120 h post chemotherapy) was significantly higher in treatment group than that of control group(P<0.05). Conclusion The therapy of palonosetron plus dexamethasone is effective and safe for preventing both acute and delayed nausea and vomiting in patients with highly emetogenic chemotherapy, which is superior to tropisetron.
【Key words】 antineoplastic combined Pt.containing chemotherapy protocols, nausea and vomiting , tropisetron palonosetron,elderly
【中图分类号】 R734.2 【文献标识码】 A 【文章编号】 1671-5160(2014)04-0033-02
化疗药物所致的恶心、呕吐(chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting,CINV)是癌症化疗最常见的不良反应之一,目前予以止吐治疗后,仍约有50%的病人出现这种不良反应[1]。由于老年人重要脏器功能均有不同程度的衰退,心理和生理耐受力相对较弱,因此呕吐几率更高。盐酸帕洛诺司琼是一种新型长效5-HT3受体拮抗剂,单次静脉注射对预防中、重度致吐性化疗所致的急性和延迟性CINV均有较好效果。本文旨在通过与托烷司琼比较,观察和评价帕洛诺司琼对预防老年患者铂类药物化疗引起的CINV疗效和安全性。
1 资料和方法
1.1 基本资料
全组共收治肺癌患71例者,其中男性46例,女性25例,年龄60~78岁,平均年龄66.1岁;包括鳞癌13例,腺癌50例,混合型癌2例,小细胞癌6例。所有病例均经组织学或细胞学确诊为晚期肺癌患者,排除化疗前因脑转移颅内压增高、肠梗阻、精神疾患或其他原因引起的顽固性呕吐。KPS评分≥70分,预测生存期>3个月,化疗前血常规、肝肾功能、心电图正常。接受标准剂量以顺铂为主的联合化疗。
1.2 研究方案
按入院时间順序开放式随机分组。分为帕洛诺司琼组(35例)和托烷司琼组(36例),化疗方案中包括顺铂(75mg/m2),分二天静脉滴注,同时水化,或奈达铂120mg~140mg, 分二天静脉滴注,合用药物为多西他赛、吉西他滨、培美曲塞二钠、足叶已甙等,以21天为1个周期,化疗2周期后评价恶心呕吐的控制效果。 止吐方案:治疗组:帕洛诺司琼注射液(欧赛,齐鲁制药(海南)有限公司)0.25mg,静脉推注,注射时间超过30s;托烷司琼组:托烷司琼(商品维瑞特,江苏恒瑞药有限公司)5mg静脉点滴;化疗第1~4天两组均联合地塞米松注射液5mg静脉推注,均于化疗前30min 给药。
1.3 疗效评价
急性CINV:化疗24h内发生的恶心、呕吐。延迟性CINV:化疗24h后至第6天出现的恶心、呕吐。止吐疗效:完全缓解(CR):1日内无呕吐;部分缓解(PR):1日内呕吐l~2次;轻度控制(MR):1日内呕吐3~5次;无效(NR):1日内呕吐6次以上.CR+PR为有效率,连续观察6d。(2)消化道反应评分:按世界卫生组织(WHO)标准,将恶心分为0~Ⅳ级,0级:无恶心;I级:轻微恶心,不影响进食及日常生活;II级:明显恶心,影响进食及日常生活,进食量减半;Ⅲ~Ⅳ级:严重恶心,进食量减半以上或不能进食,需卧床休息。以≤I度计算恶心改善率。主要观察化疗第1~6天的恶心呕吐情况来判断帕洛诺司琼及托烷司琼的完全控制率及有效率。化疗后6天内,每日记录恶心、呕吐、便秘、腹胀等消化道反应,并记录头晕、头痛等症状及相关解救治疗情况。
1.4 不良反应
按照美国癌症研究所(NCI)化疗毒性分级标准(CTC3.0版)进行观察和判断,分为0~Ⅳ度
1.5 统计学处理
采用χ2检验对实验数据进行统计学分析。
2 结果
2.1 2组患者呕吐完全缓解率(CRR)的比较
观察组和对照组化疗导致的急性期、延迟期呕吐CRR比较差异无统计学意义(P>O.05),而全期呕吐CRR比较差异有统计学意义(P 表1 2组患者呕吐完全缓解率比较 例(%)
Tab1 Comparison of CRR between palonosetron and tropisetron
in controlling vomiting induced by chemotheraphy n (%)
*与对照组比较P<0.05
2.2 2组患者化疗后各期无呕吐发作情况比较
2组化疗后急性期比较,差异无统计学意义(P >0.05);延迟期及全期比较,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05),见表2。
表2 2组患者化疗后各期无呕吐发作百分比例(%)
Tab2 Comparison of no vomiting between
palonosetron and tropisetron n(%)
*与对照组比较P<0.05
2.3 2组不良反应比较
2组不良反应主要为头痛、便秘、眩晕及腹部不适等,2组症状均轻微(Ⅰ~Ⅱ级),患者基本可以耐受,见表3。
表3 2组方案不良反应比较例(%)
Tab3 Comparison of toxicities between
palonosetron and tropisetron n(%)
3 讨论
CINV 发生的主要机制是消化道黏膜受细胞毒药物损伤致5-HT3释放增加,由此产生的神经冲动经迷走神经传入呕吐中枢导致呕吐[2]。第一代5-HT3受體拮抗剂对急性恶心呕吐疗效显著,但对于延迟性呕吐疗效较差[3]。盐酸帕洛诺司琼为第二代5-HT3受体拮抗剂,其药理优势如下:第一,与5-HT3受体结合的特异性较高,且与受体结合数量越多时亲和性越强,形成正反馈机制,因此大大提高药物疗效。第二,半衰期较长达40h,第三,可能与5-HT3受体之间存在高度的变构效应[4],即帕洛诺司琼可以诱导5-HT3受体内化[5],受体内化进而诱导受体长期失活,使药物作用时间延长。国外文献报道该药单药或联合地塞米松能有效预防高致吐性化疗药引起的急性期或延迟期呕吐反应,其对急性期、延迟期呕吐CRR分别介于59.2%~85.7%、42%~80%之间[5-7],联合地塞米松对预防延迟性呕吐的疗效明显优于格拉司琼。
本研究结果显示, 帕洛诺司琼联合地塞米松对急性期、延迟期呕吐CRR分别为82.9%和68.6%,略优于对照组,两者之间比较差异无统计学意义,但全期呕吐CRR为68.6%,明显优于对照组;无呕吐发作百分率比较,急性期两组疗效相当,但对于延迟期及全期观察组分别77.2%和74.3%,明显优于对照组48.6%和43.2%,据此可知,帕洛诺司琼联合地塞米松对延迟性呕吐反应优于托烷司琼。
综上,帕洛诺司琼联合地塞米松能有效预防和控制急性期、延迟期呕吐反应,对于延迟期呕吐反应其疗效优于托烷司琼,且安全性好。但随着老年患者接受化疗周期的增加,必然造成化疗药物毒性的累积效应。尤其在多天、大剂量化疗中预防呕吐的效果仍不理想,如何合理组合运用现有的止吐药物并进一步寻求对抗化疗药物副反应作用靶点,提高老年患者的临床疗效仍然是我们今后努力的方向。
参考文献
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[5]Rojas C,Thomas AG, Alt J,et a1.Palonosetron triggers 5-Ht3 receptor internalization and cause prolonged inhibition of receptor function[J].Eur J Pharmacol.2010,626(2/3):193-199.
[6]Maemondo M, Masuda N, Sekine I, et al. A phase II study of palonosetron combined with dexamethasone to prevent nausea and vomiting induced by highly emetogenic chemotherapy[J].Ann Oncol, 2009,20(11): 1860-1866.
[7]Lorusso V, Spedicato A, Petrucelli L, et al. Single dose of palonosetron plus dexamethasone to control nausea, vomiting and to warrant an adequate food intake in patients treated with highly emetogenic chemotherapy(HEC)[J]. Support Care Cancer,2009,17(12):1469-1473.
[8]Massa E,Astara G,Madeddu C,et a1.Palonosetron plus dexamethasone effectively prevent acute and delayed chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting following highly or moderately emetogenic chemotherapy in pre-treated patients who have failed to respond to a previous antiemetic treatment: comparison between elderly and non-elderly patient response[J].Crit Rev Oncolg Hematol,2009,70(1):83-91.
[9]Sepalveda-Vildosola AC,Betanzos-Cabrera Y,Lastiri GG,et a1.Palonosetron hydrochloride is an effective and safe option to prevent chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in children[J].Arch Med Res,2008,39(6):601-606.
【关键词】 抗肿瘤含铂化疗方案 恶心呕吐 5-HT3 帕洛诺司琼 托烷司琼 老年
Observation on the efficacy of palonosetron in preventing chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting on lung cancer in elderly patients
Shen Li, Shen Hong, Du Qiang, Cai Jian Kang
(Department of Respiratory,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nan Jin Medical University, Nanjin 210011,China)
【Abstract】 Objective To observe and assess the efficacy and safety of palonosetron plus dexamethasone in preventing Pt.containing chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting on elderly lung cancer patients. Methods This study was performed as a randomized clinical control trial. Seventy-one elderly lung cancer patients administered Pt.containing chemotherapy were included in the clinical trail.Results There was no significant difference in CRR during acute phase and delayed phase between treatment group and control group (P>0.05). The CRR of total phase (0~120 h post chemotherapy) was significantly higher in treatment group than that of control group(P<0.05). Conclusion The therapy of palonosetron plus dexamethasone is effective and safe for preventing both acute and delayed nausea and vomiting in patients with highly emetogenic chemotherapy, which is superior to tropisetron.
【Key words】 antineoplastic combined Pt.containing chemotherapy protocols, nausea and vomiting , tropisetron palonosetron,elderly
【中图分类号】 R734.2 【文献标识码】 A 【文章编号】 1671-5160(2014)04-0033-02
化疗药物所致的恶心、呕吐(chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting,CINV)是癌症化疗最常见的不良反应之一,目前予以止吐治疗后,仍约有50%的病人出现这种不良反应[1]。由于老年人重要脏器功能均有不同程度的衰退,心理和生理耐受力相对较弱,因此呕吐几率更高。盐酸帕洛诺司琼是一种新型长效5-HT3受体拮抗剂,单次静脉注射对预防中、重度致吐性化疗所致的急性和延迟性CINV均有较好效果。本文旨在通过与托烷司琼比较,观察和评价帕洛诺司琼对预防老年患者铂类药物化疗引起的CINV疗效和安全性。
1 资料和方法
1.1 基本资料
全组共收治肺癌患71例者,其中男性46例,女性25例,年龄60~78岁,平均年龄66.1岁;包括鳞癌13例,腺癌50例,混合型癌2例,小细胞癌6例。所有病例均经组织学或细胞学确诊为晚期肺癌患者,排除化疗前因脑转移颅内压增高、肠梗阻、精神疾患或其他原因引起的顽固性呕吐。KPS评分≥70分,预测生存期>3个月,化疗前血常规、肝肾功能、心电图正常。接受标准剂量以顺铂为主的联合化疗。
1.2 研究方案
按入院时间順序开放式随机分组。分为帕洛诺司琼组(35例)和托烷司琼组(36例),化疗方案中包括顺铂(75mg/m2),分二天静脉滴注,同时水化,或奈达铂120mg~140mg, 分二天静脉滴注,合用药物为多西他赛、吉西他滨、培美曲塞二钠、足叶已甙等,以21天为1个周期,化疗2周期后评价恶心呕吐的控制效果。 止吐方案:治疗组:帕洛诺司琼注射液(欧赛,齐鲁制药(海南)有限公司)0.25mg,静脉推注,注射时间超过30s;托烷司琼组:托烷司琼(商品维瑞特,江苏恒瑞药有限公司)5mg静脉点滴;化疗第1~4天两组均联合地塞米松注射液5mg静脉推注,均于化疗前30min 给药。
1.3 疗效评价
急性CINV:化疗24h内发生的恶心、呕吐。延迟性CINV:化疗24h后至第6天出现的恶心、呕吐。止吐疗效:完全缓解(CR):1日内无呕吐;部分缓解(PR):1日内呕吐l~2次;轻度控制(MR):1日内呕吐3~5次;无效(NR):1日内呕吐6次以上.CR+PR为有效率,连续观察6d。(2)消化道反应评分:按世界卫生组织(WHO)标准,将恶心分为0~Ⅳ级,0级:无恶心;I级:轻微恶心,不影响进食及日常生活;II级:明显恶心,影响进食及日常生活,进食量减半;Ⅲ~Ⅳ级:严重恶心,进食量减半以上或不能进食,需卧床休息。以≤I度计算恶心改善率。主要观察化疗第1~6天的恶心呕吐情况来判断帕洛诺司琼及托烷司琼的完全控制率及有效率。化疗后6天内,每日记录恶心、呕吐、便秘、腹胀等消化道反应,并记录头晕、头痛等症状及相关解救治疗情况。
1.4 不良反应
按照美国癌症研究所(NCI)化疗毒性分级标准(CTC3.0版)进行观察和判断,分为0~Ⅳ度
1.5 统计学处理
采用χ2检验对实验数据进行统计学分析。
2 结果
2.1 2组患者呕吐完全缓解率(CRR)的比较
观察组和对照组化疗导致的急性期、延迟期呕吐CRR比较差异无统计学意义(P>O.05),而全期呕吐CRR比较差异有统计学意义(P
Tab1 Comparison of CRR between palonosetron and tropisetron
in controlling vomiting induced by chemotheraphy n (%)
*与对照组比较P<0.05
2.2 2组患者化疗后各期无呕吐发作情况比较
2组化疗后急性期比较,差异无统计学意义(P >0.05);延迟期及全期比较,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05),见表2。
表2 2组患者化疗后各期无呕吐发作百分比例(%)
Tab2 Comparison of no vomiting between
palonosetron and tropisetron n(%)
*与对照组比较P<0.05
2.3 2组不良反应比较
2组不良反应主要为头痛、便秘、眩晕及腹部不适等,2组症状均轻微(Ⅰ~Ⅱ级),患者基本可以耐受,见表3。
表3 2组方案不良反应比较例(%)
Tab3 Comparison of toxicities between
palonosetron and tropisetron n(%)
3 讨论
CINV 发生的主要机制是消化道黏膜受细胞毒药物损伤致5-HT3释放增加,由此产生的神经冲动经迷走神经传入呕吐中枢导致呕吐[2]。第一代5-HT3受體拮抗剂对急性恶心呕吐疗效显著,但对于延迟性呕吐疗效较差[3]。盐酸帕洛诺司琼为第二代5-HT3受体拮抗剂,其药理优势如下:第一,与5-HT3受体结合的特异性较高,且与受体结合数量越多时亲和性越强,形成正反馈机制,因此大大提高药物疗效。第二,半衰期较长达40h,第三,可能与5-HT3受体之间存在高度的变构效应[4],即帕洛诺司琼可以诱导5-HT3受体内化[5],受体内化进而诱导受体长期失活,使药物作用时间延长。国外文献报道该药单药或联合地塞米松能有效预防高致吐性化疗药引起的急性期或延迟期呕吐反应,其对急性期、延迟期呕吐CRR分别介于59.2%~85.7%、42%~80%之间[5-7],联合地塞米松对预防延迟性呕吐的疗效明显优于格拉司琼。
本研究结果显示, 帕洛诺司琼联合地塞米松对急性期、延迟期呕吐CRR分别为82.9%和68.6%,略优于对照组,两者之间比较差异无统计学意义,但全期呕吐CRR为68.6%,明显优于对照组;无呕吐发作百分率比较,急性期两组疗效相当,但对于延迟期及全期观察组分别77.2%和74.3%,明显优于对照组48.6%和43.2%,据此可知,帕洛诺司琼联合地塞米松对延迟性呕吐反应优于托烷司琼。
综上,帕洛诺司琼联合地塞米松能有效预防和控制急性期、延迟期呕吐反应,对于延迟期呕吐反应其疗效优于托烷司琼,且安全性好。但随着老年患者接受化疗周期的增加,必然造成化疗药物毒性的累积效应。尤其在多天、大剂量化疗中预防呕吐的效果仍不理想,如何合理组合运用现有的止吐药物并进一步寻求对抗化疗药物副反应作用靶点,提高老年患者的临床疗效仍然是我们今后努力的方向。
参考文献
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