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“自由人的联合体”是马克思学说中的重要概念,恩格斯曾经用它来概括共产主义的本质特征。“自由人的联合体”的实质是消除强制性的分工,即消灭异化劳动。在过去的一百多年中,许多国家将劳动时间减少了1/4。当劳动时间缩短到一定程度、量变会引起质变时,人们就不会将劳动看作一种负担,而是把劳动当成很自然的需要。“自由人的联合体”为人的全面发展提供了可能,但是无论在何种条件下,单个的人哪怕再“全面”,也是相对的、有限的,只有人类整体的发展才是永无止境的。因此,将每个人的“全面发展”理想化是不切实际的,人与人只有组成共同体,才有可能克服个体欠缺,实现完全意义上的发展。
The Commonwealth of Free Man is an important concept in Marx’s theory. Engels used it to sum up the essential characteristics of communism. The essence of the “Free People’s Consortium” is to eliminate the mandatory division of labor, that is, to eliminate alienated labor. In the past hundred years, many countries have reduced their working hours by a quarter. When working hours are shortened to a certain extent, and quantitative changes can cause qualitative change, people will not regard labor as a burden, but consider labor as a natural need. The “coalition of free people” provides the possibility for the all-round development of mankind. However, no matter under what conditions individual individuals are even more “comprehensive,” they are relatively limited. Only the development of mankind as a whole can never be stopped . Therefore, it is unrealistic to idealize “all-round development” of each individual. Only by forming a community among people can we overcome the individual shortcomings and achieve the full development of our own.