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形上学或本体论的问题,是人的终极关怀或安心立命之道的问题,是人对自身存在于其中的世界的一种整体的洞悉或觉解。不同的文化民族具有不同的形上智慧(或关于本体的睿识),从而有了不同的民族精神。对于世界最真、最本质的是什么,人生最高意义是什么,“我”是什么的问题,中国哲学家以其特殊的人生智慧,作出了独特的回答。许多外国学者或因袭外人之说的国内学者,不愿意承认中国有形上学,并以所谓“伦理性”取消了传统哲学特别是儒学的形上学。这种偏见或误解,在于他们以希腊、西方或印度哲学作为某种模式,衡量、剪裁中国哲学,不懂得中国形上学的特殊性。那么,中国传统形上学究竟有一些什么样的特征?本文在前贤讨论的基础上,进一步综合、发挥为以下五大特点。
The problem of metaphysics or ontology is the ultimate concern of human beings or the way of peace of mind that leads to life. It is an overall insight or perception of human beings in the world in which they exist. Different cultural peoples have different metaphysical wisdom (or knowledge about ontology), so that they have different national spirits. For the most real and essential thing in the world, what is the highest meaning in life and what is “I”, Chinese philosophers make unique answers with their special wisdom in life. Many foreign scholars or domestic scholars who said that they were outsiders did not want to admit China’s physical education and canceled the traditional philosophy, especially the Confucianism metaphysics, with so-called “ethics.” This prejudice or misunderstanding is that they use Greek, Western or Indian philosophy as a model for measuring and tailoring Chinese philosophy and not knowing the particularity of metaphysics in China. So, what kind of characteristics does Chinese traditional metaphysics have? On the basis of the discussion of predecessors, this article further synthesizes and gives play to the following five characteristics.