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反思和行动
Brasil： What Is The Best Way to Remedy That？
巴西的尝试：
什么是最好的补救方法？
In the 2010 census in Brasil， 51% of Brazilians defined themselves as black or brown. On average， the income of whites is slightly more than double that of black or brown Brazilians. It finds that blacks are relatively disadvantaged in their level of education and in their access to health and other services.
In a passionate and sometimes angry debate， black Brazilian activists insist that slavery’s legacy of injustice and inequality can only be reversed by affirmative-action policies， of the kind found in the United States.
Their opponents argue that the history of race relations in Brazil is very different， and that such policies risk creating new racial problems. Unlike in the United States， slavery in Brazil never meant segregation. Mixing was the norm， and Brazil had many more free blacks. The result is a spectrum of skin colors rather than a dichotomy. Importing American-style affirmative action may force Brazilians to place themselves in strict racial categories.
So far the main battleground has entered universities. Since 2001 more than 70 public universities have introduced racial admissions quotas. In Rio de Janeiro’s state universities， 20% of places are set aside for black students who pass the entrance exam. Another 25% are reserved for a “social quota” of pupils from state schools whose parents’ income is less than twice the minimum wage—who are often black. A big federal programme awards grants to black and brown students at private universities.
These measures are starting to make a difference. Although only 6.3% of black 18- to 24-year-olds were in higher education in 2006， that was double the proportion in 2001.
Academics from some of Brazil’s best universities have led a campaign against quotas. They argue firstly that affirmative action starts with an act of racism： the division of a rainbow nation into arbitrary color categories.
Assigning races in Brazil is not always as easy as the activists claim. In 2007 one of two identical twins who both applied to enter the University of Brasília was classified as black， the other as white. All these risk creating racial resentment. In practice， many of the fears surrounding university quotas have not been borne out.
Nelson do Valle Silva， a sociologist at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro， says that the backlash against quotas would have been even stronger if access to universities were not growing so fast. For now， almost everyone who passes the exam gets in somewhere. It also helps， he says， that many universities have adopted less controversial “social quotas”. 2010年的人口普查显示，认为自己是黑人或棕色人种的巴西人占总人数的51%。白人收入大约是黑人和棕色人种收入的两倍多。黑人在受教育程度、医疗福利方面也处于相对弱势地位。
在一些激烈的争论中，黑人社会活动家坚信要想彻底消灭奴隶制残留的不公正和不平等，必须推行像美国所采取的平权法案（诸如反歧视法案，鼓励雇佣有色人种，立法保障教育公平等等）。
该主张的反对者则认为，巴西的种族问题有其特殊性，推行这样的措施有可能引发新的种族问题。与美国不同，巴西的奴隶制度从不代表种族隔离。各种族混居是常见模式，况且自由身份的黑人也比美国多得多。所以情况就成了这样：巴西是个各种肤色民族的大熔炉，而非简单的黑白对立。引入美国式的反种族歧视政策会使得每一个巴西人都严格地区分自己属于哪个种族。
目前这场争论的主战场已经转移到大学里。自2001年起，已有70多所公立大学实施了按种族配额招生的制度。在里约州立大学里，20%的名额留给那些通过入学考试的黑人学生，另外25%被称作“社会配额”的名额属于那些家庭收入低下者，而他们往往是黑人学生。大量的联邦助学金给予了私立大学的黑色和棕色肤色的学生。
这些举措正在促进巴西高等教育现状的改观。圣保罗大学应用经济研究所的研究报告指出，虽然2006年只有6.3%的18至24岁黑人青年接受了高等教育，但同比2001年，数字已经翻倍。
巴西一些顶尖大学的学者开始反对大学招生中的种族配额制度。他们指出，如果继续这样做，结果会变成：反种族歧视政策竟是从种族主义措施开始的——在一个多种族的和谐社会里刻意强化种族意识。
在巴西，对不同种族的界定并不像社会活动家声称的那样容易。2007年一对双胞胎被Brasília大学录取，然而一个被算为黑人学生，一个算为白人学生。所有类似这样的行为都会造成愤怒和不满。事实上，大学录取种族配额制度的隐患并未完全显露出来。
里约热内卢联邦大学社会学家Nelson说：“如果大学的录取名额不快速增加，那么针对大学录取种族配额的反对力量将更加强大。”现在几乎每个人都能通过考试录取并有学上。Nelson认为这是有益处的，许多大学都录取了少量的“社会配额”学生。
Australia： Get to Know Me，
as A Friend
澳大利亚：像朋友那样，了解我
Some people think racist ideas can be overcome just by educating people out of their prejudices. This is fine as far as it goes. Revolution supports the maximum of anti-racist education and argument to counter the lies of racists who try to present ‘other’ cultures as ‘strange’， ‘backward’ or inferior.
But there is more to racism than this. It is not just a prejudice； it is deeply entrenched in our society. In many countries， it even runs through some of the most powerful institutions of the State. Racism does not just die out because it is educated out of people.
VicHealth， which works in partnership with organizations， communities and individuals to make health a central part of people’s daily lives， runs a community awareness campaign with the aim of increasing the acceptance of cultural diversity and reducing race-based discrimination.
The See Beyond Race campaign， features local residents from different cultural backgrounds.
As part of the campaign， these residents feature on billboards， buses， in shopping centers and on local television and radio within their community. The advertisements feature snippets of information about these people _ their hobbies， professions and family lives_ in order to break down racial stereotypes and perceive people as individuals. The campaign also advises parents to be a role model to children by encouraging diverse friendships and providing them with plenty of multicultural experiences. The local residents are supposed to dispel racist stereotypes through the campaign， which sends affirmative messages， “Just because someone isn't the same nationality as you， doesn't mean they don’t share a common humanity and the right to be respected and treated fairly the same as you.”
Until our collective understanding of racism moves beyond the interpersonal level and regularly includes an understanding of how broad and interconnected policies and practices profoundly impact opportunities and racial outcomes in our society， our spectrum of solutions will remain painfully limited.
一些人认为种族主义可以单纯依靠教育人民减少偏见来克服。这只是种理想主义的想法。社会变革支持了最大程度的反种族歧视教育，以及反驳种族主义者的常用论调，例如其他文化是奇怪的、倒退的，或是更低级的。
但是种族歧视的“势力”比这些更大。它不仅仅是一种偏见，更深深根植在我们的社会中。在一些国家，它甚至已经进入了国家权力的中心。种族歧视无法仅靠教育来断绝。
在澳大利亚，致力于改善人口健康的基金组织VicHealth发起增强社区意识的运动，目标是增加多元文化的接受度以及减少以种族差别为基础的歧视。“视野超越种族”运动，旨在让当地具有不同文化背景的居民参加。
“视野超越种族运动”，旨在让具有不同文化的当地居民参与。作为运动的一部分，这些居民与他们的社区会出现在广告牌、巴士、购物商场和当地广播、电视上。这些广告会讲述他们的一些信息，例如爱好，职业和家庭生活，目的是打破种族的刻板印象，将人们作为个体去认识。他们同时建议家长们在多元化交友上面做孩子们的榜样，为他们提供多重文化的经验。
主办方希望能够通过这个活动让当地居民摆脱种族主义的刻板印象。活动传递着一个积极的信息，“即使一个人的国籍与你不同，他们也是与你一样的人类，享有与你一样的被尊重和平等对待的权利。”
只有当我们对种族主义的集体认知超越简单的人际认知，并且了解到我们的社会中有多少广泛的和相关的制度及规则在深刻影响着我们的机遇和种族态度，我们才能不被局限，寻求到更好的解决方法。
Brasil： What Is The Best Way to Remedy That？
巴西的尝试：
什么是最好的补救方法？
In the 2010 census in Brasil， 51% of Brazilians defined themselves as black or brown. On average， the income of whites is slightly more than double that of black or brown Brazilians. It finds that blacks are relatively disadvantaged in their level of education and in their access to health and other services.
In a passionate and sometimes angry debate， black Brazilian activists insist that slavery’s legacy of injustice and inequality can only be reversed by affirmative-action policies， of the kind found in the United States.
Their opponents argue that the history of race relations in Brazil is very different， and that such policies risk creating new racial problems. Unlike in the United States， slavery in Brazil never meant segregation. Mixing was the norm， and Brazil had many more free blacks. The result is a spectrum of skin colors rather than a dichotomy. Importing American-style affirmative action may force Brazilians to place themselves in strict racial categories.
So far the main battleground has entered universities. Since 2001 more than 70 public universities have introduced racial admissions quotas. In Rio de Janeiro’s state universities， 20% of places are set aside for black students who pass the entrance exam. Another 25% are reserved for a “social quota” of pupils from state schools whose parents’ income is less than twice the minimum wage—who are often black. A big federal programme awards grants to black and brown students at private universities.
These measures are starting to make a difference. Although only 6.3% of black 18- to 24-year-olds were in higher education in 2006， that was double the proportion in 2001.
Academics from some of Brazil’s best universities have led a campaign against quotas. They argue firstly that affirmative action starts with an act of racism： the division of a rainbow nation into arbitrary color categories.
Assigning races in Brazil is not always as easy as the activists claim. In 2007 one of two identical twins who both applied to enter the University of Brasília was classified as black， the other as white. All these risk creating racial resentment. In practice， many of the fears surrounding university quotas have not been borne out.
Nelson do Valle Silva， a sociologist at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro， says that the backlash against quotas would have been even stronger if access to universities were not growing so fast. For now， almost everyone who passes the exam gets in somewhere. It also helps， he says， that many universities have adopted less controversial “social quotas”. 2010年的人口普查显示，认为自己是黑人或棕色人种的巴西人占总人数的51%。白人收入大约是黑人和棕色人种收入的两倍多。黑人在受教育程度、医疗福利方面也处于相对弱势地位。
在一些激烈的争论中，黑人社会活动家坚信要想彻底消灭奴隶制残留的不公正和不平等，必须推行像美国所采取的平权法案（诸如反歧视法案，鼓励雇佣有色人种，立法保障教育公平等等）。
该主张的反对者则认为，巴西的种族问题有其特殊性，推行这样的措施有可能引发新的种族问题。与美国不同，巴西的奴隶制度从不代表种族隔离。各种族混居是常见模式，况且自由身份的黑人也比美国多得多。所以情况就成了这样：巴西是个各种肤色民族的大熔炉，而非简单的黑白对立。引入美国式的反种族歧视政策会使得每一个巴西人都严格地区分自己属于哪个种族。
目前这场争论的主战场已经转移到大学里。自2001年起，已有70多所公立大学实施了按种族配额招生的制度。在里约州立大学里，20%的名额留给那些通过入学考试的黑人学生，另外25%被称作“社会配额”的名额属于那些家庭收入低下者，而他们往往是黑人学生。大量的联邦助学金给予了私立大学的黑色和棕色肤色的学生。
这些举措正在促进巴西高等教育现状的改观。圣保罗大学应用经济研究所的研究报告指出，虽然2006年只有6.3%的18至24岁黑人青年接受了高等教育，但同比2001年，数字已经翻倍。
巴西一些顶尖大学的学者开始反对大学招生中的种族配额制度。他们指出，如果继续这样做，结果会变成：反种族歧视政策竟是从种族主义措施开始的——在一个多种族的和谐社会里刻意强化种族意识。
在巴西，对不同种族的界定并不像社会活动家声称的那样容易。2007年一对双胞胎被Brasília大学录取，然而一个被算为黑人学生，一个算为白人学生。所有类似这样的行为都会造成愤怒和不满。事实上，大学录取种族配额制度的隐患并未完全显露出来。
里约热内卢联邦大学社会学家Nelson说：“如果大学的录取名额不快速增加，那么针对大学录取种族配额的反对力量将更加强大。”现在几乎每个人都能通过考试录取并有学上。Nelson认为这是有益处的，许多大学都录取了少量的“社会配额”学生。
Australia： Get to Know Me，
as A Friend
澳大利亚：像朋友那样，了解我
Some people think racist ideas can be overcome just by educating people out of their prejudices. This is fine as far as it goes. Revolution supports the maximum of anti-racist education and argument to counter the lies of racists who try to present ‘other’ cultures as ‘strange’， ‘backward’ or inferior.
But there is more to racism than this. It is not just a prejudice； it is deeply entrenched in our society. In many countries， it even runs through some of the most powerful institutions of the State. Racism does not just die out because it is educated out of people.
VicHealth， which works in partnership with organizations， communities and individuals to make health a central part of people’s daily lives， runs a community awareness campaign with the aim of increasing the acceptance of cultural diversity and reducing race-based discrimination.
The See Beyond Race campaign， features local residents from different cultural backgrounds.
As part of the campaign， these residents feature on billboards， buses， in shopping centers and on local television and radio within their community. The advertisements feature snippets of information about these people _ their hobbies， professions and family lives_ in order to break down racial stereotypes and perceive people as individuals. The campaign also advises parents to be a role model to children by encouraging diverse friendships and providing them with plenty of multicultural experiences. The local residents are supposed to dispel racist stereotypes through the campaign， which sends affirmative messages， “Just because someone isn't the same nationality as you， doesn't mean they don’t share a common humanity and the right to be respected and treated fairly the same as you.”
Until our collective understanding of racism moves beyond the interpersonal level and regularly includes an understanding of how broad and interconnected policies and practices profoundly impact opportunities and racial outcomes in our society， our spectrum of solutions will remain painfully limited.
一些人认为种族主义可以单纯依靠教育人民减少偏见来克服。这只是种理想主义的想法。社会变革支持了最大程度的反种族歧视教育，以及反驳种族主义者的常用论调，例如其他文化是奇怪的、倒退的，或是更低级的。
但是种族歧视的“势力”比这些更大。它不仅仅是一种偏见，更深深根植在我们的社会中。在一些国家，它甚至已经进入了国家权力的中心。种族歧视无法仅靠教育来断绝。
在澳大利亚，致力于改善人口健康的基金组织VicHealth发起增强社区意识的运动，目标是增加多元文化的接受度以及减少以种族差别为基础的歧视。“视野超越种族”运动，旨在让当地具有不同文化背景的居民参加。
“视野超越种族运动”，旨在让具有不同文化的当地居民参与。作为运动的一部分，这些居民与他们的社区会出现在广告牌、巴士、购物商场和当地广播、电视上。这些广告会讲述他们的一些信息，例如爱好，职业和家庭生活，目的是打破种族的刻板印象，将人们作为个体去认识。他们同时建议家长们在多元化交友上面做孩子们的榜样，为他们提供多重文化的经验。
主办方希望能够通过这个活动让当地居民摆脱种族主义的刻板印象。活动传递着一个积极的信息，“即使一个人的国籍与你不同，他们也是与你一样的人类，享有与你一样的被尊重和平等对待的权利。”
只有当我们对种族主义的集体认知超越简单的人际认知，并且了解到我们的社会中有多少广泛的和相关的制度及规则在深刻影响着我们的机遇和种族态度，我们才能不被局限，寻求到更好的解决方法。