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【摘要】目的探讨凶险型前置胎盘合并胎盘植入的临床特点,提高对该病的认识和重视。方法收集2013年1月~2014年12月92例中央性前置胎盘产妇的临床资料进行回顾性分析,其中凶险型中央性前置胎盘52例为观察组,普通中央性前置胎盘40例为对照组,比较两组的产前出血情况、胎盘植入情况、术中出血量、输血量、产后出血率、子宫切除发生率、并发症发生率、分娩孕周、围生儿情况等。结果 凶险型前置胎盘植入率、术中出血量、输血量、产后出血率、子宫切除率、并发症发生率均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或0.01)。观察组产前出血率、平均分娩孕周、围生儿情况与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论凶险型前置胎盘植入率高、出血量大、子宫切除率高,对孕产妇危害性极大,加强宣教,降低首次分娩剖宫产率非常重要。
【关键词】凶险型前置胎盘;胎盘植入;子宫切除;剖宫产术
中图分类号:R714.56 文献标识码:ADOI:10.3969/j.issn.10031383.2015.04.020
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo explore the clinical characteristics of pernicious placenta previa complicated with placenta implantation, so as to increase awareness and attention of the disease.Methods Retrospective analysis was conducted in clinical data of 92 central placenta previa patients who admitted to hospital from January,2013 to December,2014.52 cases of pernicious central placenta previa were selected as observation group,and 40 cases of ordinary central placenta previa as control group.Then,antepartum haemorrhage,placenta implantation,amount of bleeding and blood transfusion during operation,rate of postpartum hemorrhage,incidence of hysterectomy,incidence of complications,gestational weeks and perinatal infants of both groups were compared.Results Rate of placenta implantation,amount of bleeding and blood transfusion during operation,rate of postpartum hemorrhage,incidence of hysterectomy and incidence of complications of the observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group,so difference was statistically significant(P<0.05 or 0.01).No statistical significance was found in the difference of antepartum haemorrhage,average gestational weeks and perinatal infants between the two groups(P>0.05).ConclusionPernicious placenta previa has high rate of placenta implantation,large amount of bleeding and high incidence of hysterectomy,which is of great danger for delivery woman.Thus,it is of great importance to strengthen propaganda and education,and reduce rate of cesarean section in the first delivery.
【Key words】pernicious placenta previa;placenta implantation;hysterectomy;cesarean section
凶险型前置胎盘(pernicious placenta previa,PPP)的定义是1993年由Chapttopadhyay首次提出,是指附着于既往子宫下段剖宫产瘢痕处的前置胎盘,伴或不伴胎盘植入。它是前置胎盘中较为严重的一种,合并胎盘植入的概率高、风险大,常可导致孕产妇在妊娠期及分娩期发生难以预测的大出血,从而导致休克、子宫切除、凝血功能障碍等并发症的风险增加。由于剖宫产量逐渐积累,凶险型前置胎盘的发生率也有明显增加的趋势。我院凶险型前置胎盘2012年不足10例,2013年23例,2014年29例。本研究回顾性分析我院2013年1月~2014年12月52例凶险型前置胎盘的临床资料,探讨其临床特点及诊治措施。1资料与方法1.1资料来源收集本院2013年1月~2014年12月92例经手术或病理证实诊断为中央性前置胎盘产妇的临床资料进行回顾性分析,按有无剖宫产史进行分组:有剖宫产史(即凶险型前置胎盘)52例为观察组,无剖宫产史40例为对照组。92例产妇产前均行三维彩色超声检查。两组年龄、孕次、产次、产前出血率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1。 1.2观察指标(1)比较两组胎盘植入发生率:植入性胎盘分3种情况,浅植入(绒毛附着子宫肌层,即粘连性胎盘)、完全植入(绒毛侵入子宫肌层)、穿透性胎盘(绒毛穿透子宫肌壁达浆膜面) [1]。是否为中央性前置胎盘及有无胎盘植入以术中所见及术后的病理诊断为评定标准。(2)比较两组情况:产前出血率、术中出血量、输血量、产后出血率、并发症发生率、子宫切除率、围生儿情况等。
1.3统计学方法采用SPSS 17.0软件对数据进行统计学分析,计量资料以均数±标准差(±s)表示,组间比较采用t检验,计数资料以率表示,组间比较采用卡方检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2.2两组手术并发症、产后出血率、子宫切除率比较观察组并发症发生率、产后出血率、子宫切除率均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或0.01)。观察组并发症为肺部感染1例,尿路感染1例,产褥感染1例,腹膜后血肿1例,膀胱破裂1例,肠梗阻并严重电解质紊乱1例,凝血功能障碍3例,腹部切口愈合不良Ⅱ期缝合3例。对照组并发症为腹部切口愈合不良Ⅱ期缝合1例,产褥感染1例。见表3。
2.3两组围产儿情况的比较观察组与对照组的新生儿窒息率、早产率、新生儿出生体重比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),胎位异常为横位或臀位。见表4。
3讨论凶险型前置胎盘合并胎盘植入及高危因素凶险型前置胎盘是前置胎盘中较为严重的一种,合并胎盘植入的概率高、风险更大,常可导致产妇在妊娠中晚期出现难以预测的大出血及产时、产后大出血。凶险型前置胎盘引起胎盘植入的可能原因为剖宫产术对子宫肌层造成损伤,导致内膜层不完整,胎盘绒毛直接进入子宫肌层并迅速生长,粘连或穿透子宫内壁,形成凶险型前置胎盘合并胎盘植入[1,2]。凶险型前置胎盘发生难治性出血危害较大,有研究[3]表明凶险型前置胎盘合并完全植入患者的出血量平均约3000 ml,术中平均输血量为红细胞7.7 U,28%超过10 U。国内文献报道凶险型中央性前置胎盘平均术中出血量在1000~2200 ml[4]。本研究结果显示,凶险型前置胎盘合并完全或穿透性植入的产妇术中平均出血量约2500 ml,平均输血量为红细胞8.65 U,其中有3例术中出血达4000 ml以上,输血最高者达20 U+1800血浆+冷沉淀10 U,结果与文献相似。此外文献还报道了因凶险型前置胎盘需行子宫切除术的病例占所有围产期子宫切除术病例的40%~60%[5],其围产期病死率比正常妊娠高3~4倍[6]。单纯前置胎盘合并胎盘植入的概率低[7],而凶险型前置胎盘发生胎盘植入的概率明显增高,本研究结果表明,观察组中凶险型前置胎盘发生胎盘植入的概率约为单纯中央型前置胎盘的3.52倍(6154%/17.5%),与文献报道类似,由于植入率高,胎儿娩出后胎盘不易娩出,造成出血多,有时难以剥离,出血难以控制而不得不行子宫切除术,观察组中产妇的产后出血量、子宫切除率、并发症发生率均明显高于非凶险型前置胎盘患者(P<0.05),观察组中有7例产妇行子宫全切或次全切除术,而对照组则无,这些都显示凶险型前置胎盘对孕产妇危害大,与文献报道相似。本研究还发现观察组患者剖宫产次数明显较对照组高,其中3次剖宫产者有6例,可见剖宫产是该病发生的主要危险因素[8,9]。
综上所述,对凶险型前置胎盘预防是根本,掌握好剖宫产术指征,降低首次分娩剖宫产率,才能减少凶险型前置胎盘的发生。参考文献[1] Huang LL,Tang H,Awale R,et al.Antepartum embolization in management of labor induction in placenta previa[J].Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol,2013,40(3):454456.
[2] Lim HJ,Kim JY,Kim YD,et al.Intraoperative uterine artery embolization without fetal radiation exposure in patients with placenta previatotalis:Two case reports[J].Obstet Gynecol Sci,2013,56(1):4549.
[3] Kassem GA,Alzahrani AK.Maternal and neonatal outcomes of placenta previa and placenta accreta:three years of experience with a two consultant approach[J].Int J Womens Health,2013,5:803810.
[4] 杨红兵,舒丹,张利,等.凶险型前置胎盘剖宫产28例临床分析[J].海南医学,2014,25(16):23732375.
[5] GurolUrganci I,Cromwell DA,Edozien IC,et al.Risk of placenta previa in second birth after first birth cesarean:a populationbased study and metaanalysis[J].BMC Pregnancy Childbirth,2011,11:95.
[6] Ayaz A,Farooq MU.Risk of adverse maternal and perinatal outcome in subjects with placenta previa with previous cesarean section[J].Kurume Medical Journal,2012,59(12):14.
[7] 兰景尤,周雪勤.前置胎盘合并胎盘植入12例临床分析[J].中国临床新医学,2014,7(1):5861.
[8] Sawada A,Miyashita R,Edanaga M,et al.Anestheticmanagement of caesarean section using common iliac artery balloon occlusion in patients with placenta previa[J].Masui,2011,60(12):14011404.
[9] 林靓,余艳红,杨茵,等. 剖宫产术中宫腔填塞联合腹主动脉远端预置球囊阻断治疗植入型凶险型前置胎盘[J].中国微创外科杂志,2014,14(7):608609.
【关键词】凶险型前置胎盘;胎盘植入;子宫切除;剖宫产术
中图分类号:R714.56 文献标识码:ADOI:10.3969/j.issn.10031383.2015.04.020
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo explore the clinical characteristics of pernicious placenta previa complicated with placenta implantation, so as to increase awareness and attention of the disease.Methods Retrospective analysis was conducted in clinical data of 92 central placenta previa patients who admitted to hospital from January,2013 to December,2014.52 cases of pernicious central placenta previa were selected as observation group,and 40 cases of ordinary central placenta previa as control group.Then,antepartum haemorrhage,placenta implantation,amount of bleeding and blood transfusion during operation,rate of postpartum hemorrhage,incidence of hysterectomy,incidence of complications,gestational weeks and perinatal infants of both groups were compared.Results Rate of placenta implantation,amount of bleeding and blood transfusion during operation,rate of postpartum hemorrhage,incidence of hysterectomy and incidence of complications of the observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group,so difference was statistically significant(P<0.05 or 0.01).No statistical significance was found in the difference of antepartum haemorrhage,average gestational weeks and perinatal infants between the two groups(P>0.05).ConclusionPernicious placenta previa has high rate of placenta implantation,large amount of bleeding and high incidence of hysterectomy,which is of great danger for delivery woman.Thus,it is of great importance to strengthen propaganda and education,and reduce rate of cesarean section in the first delivery.
【Key words】pernicious placenta previa;placenta implantation;hysterectomy;cesarean section
凶险型前置胎盘(pernicious placenta previa,PPP)的定义是1993年由Chapttopadhyay首次提出,是指附着于既往子宫下段剖宫产瘢痕处的前置胎盘,伴或不伴胎盘植入。它是前置胎盘中较为严重的一种,合并胎盘植入的概率高、风险大,常可导致孕产妇在妊娠期及分娩期发生难以预测的大出血,从而导致休克、子宫切除、凝血功能障碍等并发症的风险增加。由于剖宫产量逐渐积累,凶险型前置胎盘的发生率也有明显增加的趋势。我院凶险型前置胎盘2012年不足10例,2013年23例,2014年29例。本研究回顾性分析我院2013年1月~2014年12月52例凶险型前置胎盘的临床资料,探讨其临床特点及诊治措施。1资料与方法1.1资料来源收集本院2013年1月~2014年12月92例经手术或病理证实诊断为中央性前置胎盘产妇的临床资料进行回顾性分析,按有无剖宫产史进行分组:有剖宫产史(即凶险型前置胎盘)52例为观察组,无剖宫产史40例为对照组。92例产妇产前均行三维彩色超声检查。两组年龄、孕次、产次、产前出血率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1。 1.2观察指标(1)比较两组胎盘植入发生率:植入性胎盘分3种情况,浅植入(绒毛附着子宫肌层,即粘连性胎盘)、完全植入(绒毛侵入子宫肌层)、穿透性胎盘(绒毛穿透子宫肌壁达浆膜面) [1]。是否为中央性前置胎盘及有无胎盘植入以术中所见及术后的病理诊断为评定标准。(2)比较两组情况:产前出血率、术中出血量、输血量、产后出血率、并发症发生率、子宫切除率、围生儿情况等。
1.3统计学方法采用SPSS 17.0软件对数据进行统计学分析,计量资料以均数±标准差(±s)表示,组间比较采用t检验,计数资料以率表示,组间比较采用卡方检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2.2两组手术并发症、产后出血率、子宫切除率比较观察组并发症发生率、产后出血率、子宫切除率均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或0.01)。观察组并发症为肺部感染1例,尿路感染1例,产褥感染1例,腹膜后血肿1例,膀胱破裂1例,肠梗阻并严重电解质紊乱1例,凝血功能障碍3例,腹部切口愈合不良Ⅱ期缝合3例。对照组并发症为腹部切口愈合不良Ⅱ期缝合1例,产褥感染1例。见表3。
2.3两组围产儿情况的比较观察组与对照组的新生儿窒息率、早产率、新生儿出生体重比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),胎位异常为横位或臀位。见表4。
3讨论凶险型前置胎盘合并胎盘植入及高危因素凶险型前置胎盘是前置胎盘中较为严重的一种,合并胎盘植入的概率高、风险更大,常可导致产妇在妊娠中晚期出现难以预测的大出血及产时、产后大出血。凶险型前置胎盘引起胎盘植入的可能原因为剖宫产术对子宫肌层造成损伤,导致内膜层不完整,胎盘绒毛直接进入子宫肌层并迅速生长,粘连或穿透子宫内壁,形成凶险型前置胎盘合并胎盘植入[1,2]。凶险型前置胎盘发生难治性出血危害较大,有研究[3]表明凶险型前置胎盘合并完全植入患者的出血量平均约3000 ml,术中平均输血量为红细胞7.7 U,28%超过10 U。国内文献报道凶险型中央性前置胎盘平均术中出血量在1000~2200 ml[4]。本研究结果显示,凶险型前置胎盘合并完全或穿透性植入的产妇术中平均出血量约2500 ml,平均输血量为红细胞8.65 U,其中有3例术中出血达4000 ml以上,输血最高者达20 U+1800血浆+冷沉淀10 U,结果与文献相似。此外文献还报道了因凶险型前置胎盘需行子宫切除术的病例占所有围产期子宫切除术病例的40%~60%[5],其围产期病死率比正常妊娠高3~4倍[6]。单纯前置胎盘合并胎盘植入的概率低[7],而凶险型前置胎盘发生胎盘植入的概率明显增高,本研究结果表明,观察组中凶险型前置胎盘发生胎盘植入的概率约为单纯中央型前置胎盘的3.52倍(6154%/17.5%),与文献报道类似,由于植入率高,胎儿娩出后胎盘不易娩出,造成出血多,有时难以剥离,出血难以控制而不得不行子宫切除术,观察组中产妇的产后出血量、子宫切除率、并发症发生率均明显高于非凶险型前置胎盘患者(P<0.05),观察组中有7例产妇行子宫全切或次全切除术,而对照组则无,这些都显示凶险型前置胎盘对孕产妇危害大,与文献报道相似。本研究还发现观察组患者剖宫产次数明显较对照组高,其中3次剖宫产者有6例,可见剖宫产是该病发生的主要危险因素[8,9]。
综上所述,对凶险型前置胎盘预防是根本,掌握好剖宫产术指征,降低首次分娩剖宫产率,才能减少凶险型前置胎盘的发生。参考文献[1] Huang LL,Tang H,Awale R,et al.Antepartum embolization in management of labor induction in placenta previa[J].Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol,2013,40(3):454456.
[2] Lim HJ,Kim JY,Kim YD,et al.Intraoperative uterine artery embolization without fetal radiation exposure in patients with placenta previatotalis:Two case reports[J].Obstet Gynecol Sci,2013,56(1):4549.
[3] Kassem GA,Alzahrani AK.Maternal and neonatal outcomes of placenta previa and placenta accreta:three years of experience with a two consultant approach[J].Int J Womens Health,2013,5:803810.
[4] 杨红兵,舒丹,张利,等.凶险型前置胎盘剖宫产28例临床分析[J].海南医学,2014,25(16):23732375.
[5] GurolUrganci I,Cromwell DA,Edozien IC,et al.Risk of placenta previa in second birth after first birth cesarean:a populationbased study and metaanalysis[J].BMC Pregnancy Childbirth,2011,11:95.
[6] Ayaz A,Farooq MU.Risk of adverse maternal and perinatal outcome in subjects with placenta previa with previous cesarean section[J].Kurume Medical Journal,2012,59(12):14.
[7] 兰景尤,周雪勤.前置胎盘合并胎盘植入12例临床分析[J].中国临床新医学,2014,7(1):5861.
[8] Sawada A,Miyashita R,Edanaga M,et al.Anestheticmanagement of caesarean section using common iliac artery balloon occlusion in patients with placenta previa[J].Masui,2011,60(12):14011404.
[9] 林靓,余艳红,杨茵,等. 剖宫产术中宫腔填塞联合腹主动脉远端预置球囊阻断治疗植入型凶险型前置胎盘[J].中国微创外科杂志,2014,14(7):608609.