论文部分内容阅读
一、引言
《围城》被盛赞为"现代中国最优秀的两部小说之一"(夏志清,2005:282),命意深刻,文笔高雅,趣味横生。英译本由美国本土作家Jeanne Kelly 翻译初稿,添加注释,美籍华人学者茅国权对译文进行修改润色。《围城》英译本获得了美国图书协会颁发的学术性奖项,又被收入"企鹅现代经典文学系列"。注释作为译文的重要组成部分,功不可没。
二、文献回顾
注释是"译者在翻译过程中为了完整地传达原文语意和风格的一种补偿方法,是为了尽可能达到翻译等值而采用的辅助性手段"(方梦之,2004:105)。Nida的功能对等"就是译文读者对译文所作出的反应与原文读者所作出的反应基本一致"(2001:76),分为"最低限度功能对等"和"最大限度功能对等"(2001:87),核心是:措辞通顺自然,内容达意传神,读者反应相似(谭载喜,2004:234)。为了实现功能对等,Nida提出了一系列调整措施,注释就是其中之一。文学翻译作品读者的需求不尽相同,从认知需求,到理解需求,至到欣赏需求。译者在使用注释翻译方法时,应充分满足译文读者阅读需求,精选最切合特定语境需求的注释内容,最大限度地实现译文读者与原文读者理解和欣赏方式的基本一致。
三、《围城》英译本中注释个案分析
《围城》英译本中注释体例统一,位置安排合适,内容详略得当,注释方法灵活得体,能满足译文读者不同阅读需求,基本实现了原文本读者和译文读者获得同样的阅读效果。下面就以《围城》英译本中具体注释为例,进行分类分析。
《围城》译本中成功实现功能对等注释实例分析
例1:
"他所说的"让她三分",不是"三分流水七分尘"的"三分",而是"天下只有三分月色"的"三分"。(钱钟书,1991:115)
The "three parts" referred to in "give in to her three parts" was not the "three parts" of "three parts water, seven parts dust," but rather the "three parts" as in "Three are but three parts moonlight in all the world." which simply means total surrender. (Jeanne Kelly & Nathan K. Mao, 2003:109)
例2:
辛楣一肚皮的酒,几乎全成酸醋。(钱钟书,1991:101)
The wine in Xinmei's stomach turned to sour vinegar in his jealousy. (Jeanne Kelly & Nathan K. Mao, 2003:96)
例1中"which simply means total surrender"和例2中"in his jealousy"都属于翻译注释中的随文阐释,即对原文个别词语意义或文化特性的解释,一般只限片言只语。随文阐释能够使释文同译文表达连贯,流畅自然,达到原文读者与译文读者接受效果大致相同。《围城》的两位译者就很好地运用了随文阐释这一注释翻译方法。例1中"三分"指的是:方鸿渐的岳母患有心脏病,其岳父怕妻子生气犯病就事事让着妻子。原文作者引用了两句都带有"三分"的诗句,生动地表现了方鸿渐的岳父对岳母的绝对容让。译文读者理解诗句可能就有困难,如果再加上三个"三分",困难就更大了。于是,译者巧妙地添加了几个解释性的文字,这样,英语读者理解困难减少了,还能欣赏到原文作者的博学与幽默。与例1中注释相比,例2中注释就真正地与译文融成一体。例2中的赵辛楣,设计把方鸿渐灌醉,让方鸿渐在苏文纨面前丢人,让赵辛楣意外的是,苏文纨当众给被自己灌醉的方鸿渐特别关照。英语里"吃醋"和嫉妒毫无关联,译者加了"in his jealousy",旨在解释"吃醋"的意思,即赵辛楣对方鸿渐的嫉妒如同喝多酒一样难受。这样,英语读者不仅理解了赵辛楣当时的心情,又欣赏到了中国人表达嫉妒的特殊方式。
例3:
这位楮慎明原名楮家宝,成名以后,嫌"家宝"这名字不合哲学家身份,据斯宾诺沙改名的先例,换成"慎明",取"慎思明辨"的意思。(钱钟书,1991:87)
Ch'u Shen-ming's original name was Ch'u Chia-pao. After attaining fame he found Chia-pao (literally, family treasure) unsuitable for a philosopher and change it, following the precedent set by Spinoza, to Shen-ming (literally, careful and clear), taken from the expression 'consider carefully and argue clearly'. (Jeanne Kelly & Nathan K. Mao, 2003:83)
例4:
理科出身的人当个把校长,不过是政治生涯的开始;从前大学之道在治国平天下,现在治国平天下在大学之道,并且是坦道大道。(钱钟书,1991:194)
For someone form the natural sciences to be a university president is merely the beginning of a career in government. Heretofore, the Way of Great Learning lay in ruling the country and pacifying the land; now ruling the country and pacifying the land lies in the Way of the University (literally, great learning), which in addition is wide and open. (Jeanne Kelly & Nathan K. Mao, 2003:189)
Note: From The Great Learning (Ta Hsueh), one of the Four books read by all educated Chinese. It contains short philosophical from the Book of Rires(Li Chi) on key Confucian ideas. (Jeanne Kelly & Nathan K. Mao, 2003:370)
例3中注释属于嵌入式注释,例4中注释是嵌入式注释和分离式注释结合使用。《围城》英译本中的分离式注释是以单独章节置于译本后面。例3描述了一位沽名钓誉伪哲学家改名的源由。译者用音译法译出这位哲学家原名和现用名,然后用直译法分别解释了两个名字的意义,译者用括号把释文直接嵌入译文中。这样,英语读者了解这两个名字的寓意,结合上文,才能同原文读者一样体会到这位哲学家的造作和虚伪。例4是借高松年出任三闾大学校长,评述当时在大学做校长与到仕途为官之间的关系。例句中两个"道"和"大学"都是谐音双关,译者把两个"道"都译为"way",英文中"way",结合不同的语境,可以解释为"道路"和"道理",所以不需要加注。译者在翻译两个"大学",采用了不同的翻译方法和注释方法,第一个"大学"直译为"Great Learning",又用了一个单独的注释,解释在中国传统文化中何谓"大学"和"大学之道"。第二个"大学"意译为"university",又用括号把"大学"直译形式解释出来,以显示此处同形同音双关,让英语读者体会当时中国教育和政治间独特而微妙的关系。
例5:
你们男人坐,可以,你们这位太太坐,那不行!这是米,吃到嘴里去的。(钱钟书,1991:175)
If one of you men sits there, fine, but for the lady to sit down, that's out of question! This is rice. It goes in the mouth and is eaten. (Jeanne Kelly & Nathan K. Mao, 2003:168)
Note: To many superstitious people a woman is considered 'unclean' and hence on woman should sit on any food that goes into the mouth." With the help of the note English readers can have a good laugh as the Chinese readers. (Jeanne Kelly & Nathan K. Mao, 2003:369)
例6:
鸿渐牛性,不吃周家送来的东西。方遁翁日记里添了一条,笑儿子要做"不食周栗"的伯夷叔齐. (钱钟书,1991:136)
In his obstinacy Hung -chien refused to eat anything the Chous had sent. Fang Tun-weng added an entry to his diary poking fun at his son for trying to imitate the Chou dynasty recluses PoYi and Shu Ch'i by "not eating the grain of Chou. (Jeanne Kelly & Nathan K. Mao, 2003:129)
Note: PoYi and Shu Ch'i: a celebrated pair of bothers who lived in the twelfth century B.C. at the end of Yin Dynasty. When the Yin was overthrown and the new Chou dynasty established, they refused to change their allegiance and wandered away into the mountains, declaring they would not support themselves with the grain of Chou, eating the wild seeds instead and eventually dying of cold and hunger. They were later extolled by Confucius for their steadfast purity of mind. (Jeanne Kelly & Nathan K. Mao, 2003:367)
例5是动态对等译文加注释,例6是直译加注释。例5讲的是,方鸿渐,孙柔嘉一行在去三闾大学途中乘做汽车时的事,由于乘客太多,他们没有抢到座位,赵辛楣等四位男士旅伴让孙柔嘉坐到一个米袋子上,但米袋子主人坚决不同意,就说了上面的话。有了译者注释,英语读者就会明白为什么男士可以坐米袋子而孙柔嘉不能,而后才会欣赏到作者独特的幽默和讽刺。例6中的方鸿渐,因岳母干涉自己感情生活,就与岳母断绝关系,周家出于礼节送东西到方家,方鸿渐坚决不吃周家的东西,方鸿渐的父亲就在日记里写了上面的话。这里的"不食周栗"是同音同形双关,通过注释内容,译文读者能够体会到伯夷叔齐两位"不食周栗"者的忠诚和勇气,而"不食周栗"的方鸿渐,译文读者会体会到作者对他懦弱,自暴自弃和忘恩负义的嘲弄和讽刺。如果没有注释中这些背景信息,译文读者是不可能获得这样的理解和欣赏效果。
四、结论
笔者认为,注释可以解决文学翻译中常规翻译方法不能解决的问题,是必不可少的辅助性翻译方法。为译文添加注释,译者应根据读者阅读需求决定是否添加,注释的内容一定与译文语境最直接相关,注释应当实现译文读者获得与原文读者大体一致的理解和欣赏效果。
参考文献:
[1]Kelly.Jeanne & K.Mao,Nathan.Fortress Besieged.Bejing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2003.
[2]Nida,Eugene A Language and Culture:Context in Translating.Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
[3]Nida,Eugene A.Toward a Science of Translating.Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
[4]Nida,Eugene A.From one language to another.Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
[5]方梦之.译学词典.上海:上海外语教育出版社,2004.
[6]钱钟书.围城.北京:人民文学出版社,1991.
[7]谭载喜.西方翻译简史.北京:商务印书馆,2004.
[8]夏志清.中国现代小说史.上海:复旦大学出版社,2005.
《围城》被盛赞为"现代中国最优秀的两部小说之一"(夏志清,2005:282),命意深刻,文笔高雅,趣味横生。英译本由美国本土作家Jeanne Kelly 翻译初稿,添加注释,美籍华人学者茅国权对译文进行修改润色。《围城》英译本获得了美国图书协会颁发的学术性奖项,又被收入"企鹅现代经典文学系列"。注释作为译文的重要组成部分,功不可没。
二、文献回顾
注释是"译者在翻译过程中为了完整地传达原文语意和风格的一种补偿方法,是为了尽可能达到翻译等值而采用的辅助性手段"(方梦之,2004:105)。Nida的功能对等"就是译文读者对译文所作出的反应与原文读者所作出的反应基本一致"(2001:76),分为"最低限度功能对等"和"最大限度功能对等"(2001:87),核心是:措辞通顺自然,内容达意传神,读者反应相似(谭载喜,2004:234)。为了实现功能对等,Nida提出了一系列调整措施,注释就是其中之一。文学翻译作品读者的需求不尽相同,从认知需求,到理解需求,至到欣赏需求。译者在使用注释翻译方法时,应充分满足译文读者阅读需求,精选最切合特定语境需求的注释内容,最大限度地实现译文读者与原文读者理解和欣赏方式的基本一致。
三、《围城》英译本中注释个案分析
《围城》英译本中注释体例统一,位置安排合适,内容详略得当,注释方法灵活得体,能满足译文读者不同阅读需求,基本实现了原文本读者和译文读者获得同样的阅读效果。下面就以《围城》英译本中具体注释为例,进行分类分析。
《围城》译本中成功实现功能对等注释实例分析
例1:
"他所说的"让她三分",不是"三分流水七分尘"的"三分",而是"天下只有三分月色"的"三分"。(钱钟书,1991:115)
The "three parts" referred to in "give in to her three parts" was not the "three parts" of "three parts water, seven parts dust," but rather the "three parts" as in "Three are but three parts moonlight in all the world." which simply means total surrender. (Jeanne Kelly & Nathan K. Mao, 2003:109)
例2:
辛楣一肚皮的酒,几乎全成酸醋。(钱钟书,1991:101)
The wine in Xinmei's stomach turned to sour vinegar in his jealousy. (Jeanne Kelly & Nathan K. Mao, 2003:96)
例1中"which simply means total surrender"和例2中"in his jealousy"都属于翻译注释中的随文阐释,即对原文个别词语意义或文化特性的解释,一般只限片言只语。随文阐释能够使释文同译文表达连贯,流畅自然,达到原文读者与译文读者接受效果大致相同。《围城》的两位译者就很好地运用了随文阐释这一注释翻译方法。例1中"三分"指的是:方鸿渐的岳母患有心脏病,其岳父怕妻子生气犯病就事事让着妻子。原文作者引用了两句都带有"三分"的诗句,生动地表现了方鸿渐的岳父对岳母的绝对容让。译文读者理解诗句可能就有困难,如果再加上三个"三分",困难就更大了。于是,译者巧妙地添加了几个解释性的文字,这样,英语读者理解困难减少了,还能欣赏到原文作者的博学与幽默。与例1中注释相比,例2中注释就真正地与译文融成一体。例2中的赵辛楣,设计把方鸿渐灌醉,让方鸿渐在苏文纨面前丢人,让赵辛楣意外的是,苏文纨当众给被自己灌醉的方鸿渐特别关照。英语里"吃醋"和嫉妒毫无关联,译者加了"in his jealousy",旨在解释"吃醋"的意思,即赵辛楣对方鸿渐的嫉妒如同喝多酒一样难受。这样,英语读者不仅理解了赵辛楣当时的心情,又欣赏到了中国人表达嫉妒的特殊方式。
例3:
这位楮慎明原名楮家宝,成名以后,嫌"家宝"这名字不合哲学家身份,据斯宾诺沙改名的先例,换成"慎明",取"慎思明辨"的意思。(钱钟书,1991:87)
Ch'u Shen-ming's original name was Ch'u Chia-pao. After attaining fame he found Chia-pao (literally, family treasure) unsuitable for a philosopher and change it, following the precedent set by Spinoza, to Shen-ming (literally, careful and clear), taken from the expression 'consider carefully and argue clearly'. (Jeanne Kelly & Nathan K. Mao, 2003:83)
例4:
理科出身的人当个把校长,不过是政治生涯的开始;从前大学之道在治国平天下,现在治国平天下在大学之道,并且是坦道大道。(钱钟书,1991:194)
For someone form the natural sciences to be a university president is merely the beginning of a career in government. Heretofore, the Way of Great Learning lay in ruling the country and pacifying the land; now ruling the country and pacifying the land lies in the Way of the University (literally, great learning), which in addition is wide and open. (Jeanne Kelly & Nathan K. Mao, 2003:189)
Note: From The Great Learning (Ta Hsueh), one of the Four books read by all educated Chinese. It contains short philosophical from the Book of Rires(Li Chi) on key Confucian ideas. (Jeanne Kelly & Nathan K. Mao, 2003:370)
例3中注释属于嵌入式注释,例4中注释是嵌入式注释和分离式注释结合使用。《围城》英译本中的分离式注释是以单独章节置于译本后面。例3描述了一位沽名钓誉伪哲学家改名的源由。译者用音译法译出这位哲学家原名和现用名,然后用直译法分别解释了两个名字的意义,译者用括号把释文直接嵌入译文中。这样,英语读者了解这两个名字的寓意,结合上文,才能同原文读者一样体会到这位哲学家的造作和虚伪。例4是借高松年出任三闾大学校长,评述当时在大学做校长与到仕途为官之间的关系。例句中两个"道"和"大学"都是谐音双关,译者把两个"道"都译为"way",英文中"way",结合不同的语境,可以解释为"道路"和"道理",所以不需要加注。译者在翻译两个"大学",采用了不同的翻译方法和注释方法,第一个"大学"直译为"Great Learning",又用了一个单独的注释,解释在中国传统文化中何谓"大学"和"大学之道"。第二个"大学"意译为"university",又用括号把"大学"直译形式解释出来,以显示此处同形同音双关,让英语读者体会当时中国教育和政治间独特而微妙的关系。
例5:
你们男人坐,可以,你们这位太太坐,那不行!这是米,吃到嘴里去的。(钱钟书,1991:175)
If one of you men sits there, fine, but for the lady to sit down, that's out of question! This is rice. It goes in the mouth and is eaten. (Jeanne Kelly & Nathan K. Mao, 2003:168)
Note: To many superstitious people a woman is considered 'unclean' and hence on woman should sit on any food that goes into the mouth." With the help of the note English readers can have a good laugh as the Chinese readers. (Jeanne Kelly & Nathan K. Mao, 2003:369)
例6:
鸿渐牛性,不吃周家送来的东西。方遁翁日记里添了一条,笑儿子要做"不食周栗"的伯夷叔齐. (钱钟书,1991:136)
In his obstinacy Hung -chien refused to eat anything the Chous had sent. Fang Tun-weng added an entry to his diary poking fun at his son for trying to imitate the Chou dynasty recluses PoYi and Shu Ch'i by "not eating the grain of Chou. (Jeanne Kelly & Nathan K. Mao, 2003:129)
Note: PoYi and Shu Ch'i: a celebrated pair of bothers who lived in the twelfth century B.C. at the end of Yin Dynasty. When the Yin was overthrown and the new Chou dynasty established, they refused to change their allegiance and wandered away into the mountains, declaring they would not support themselves with the grain of Chou, eating the wild seeds instead and eventually dying of cold and hunger. They were later extolled by Confucius for their steadfast purity of mind. (Jeanne Kelly & Nathan K. Mao, 2003:367)
例5是动态对等译文加注释,例6是直译加注释。例5讲的是,方鸿渐,孙柔嘉一行在去三闾大学途中乘做汽车时的事,由于乘客太多,他们没有抢到座位,赵辛楣等四位男士旅伴让孙柔嘉坐到一个米袋子上,但米袋子主人坚决不同意,就说了上面的话。有了译者注释,英语读者就会明白为什么男士可以坐米袋子而孙柔嘉不能,而后才会欣赏到作者独特的幽默和讽刺。例6中的方鸿渐,因岳母干涉自己感情生活,就与岳母断绝关系,周家出于礼节送东西到方家,方鸿渐坚决不吃周家的东西,方鸿渐的父亲就在日记里写了上面的话。这里的"不食周栗"是同音同形双关,通过注释内容,译文读者能够体会到伯夷叔齐两位"不食周栗"者的忠诚和勇气,而"不食周栗"的方鸿渐,译文读者会体会到作者对他懦弱,自暴自弃和忘恩负义的嘲弄和讽刺。如果没有注释中这些背景信息,译文读者是不可能获得这样的理解和欣赏效果。
四、结论
笔者认为,注释可以解决文学翻译中常规翻译方法不能解决的问题,是必不可少的辅助性翻译方法。为译文添加注释,译者应根据读者阅读需求决定是否添加,注释的内容一定与译文语境最直接相关,注释应当实现译文读者获得与原文读者大体一致的理解和欣赏效果。
参考文献:
[1]Kelly.Jeanne & K.Mao,Nathan.Fortress Besieged.Bejing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2003.
[2]Nida,Eugene A Language and Culture:Context in Translating.Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
[3]Nida,Eugene A.Toward a Science of Translating.Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
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