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ADAPTED FROM THE SPEECH MADE ON 25 SEPTEMBER 2011 AT THE NEW YORK SOCIETY FOR ETHICAL CULTURE. MOST SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPMENT SINCE THEN HAS BEEN THE ESTABLISHMENT IN 2012 BY THE HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL OF THE WORKING GROUP IN GENEVA TO DRAFT A DECLARATION ON THE RIGHT TO PEACE.
改写自安瓦鲁·K·乔德哈瑞大使于2011年9月25日在纽约道德文化协会周日讲堂上的主旨演讲。2012年，由日内瓦人权委员会工作组起草的《享有和平权宣言》标志着人类在享有和平的人权方面取得了重大进步。
Nearly thirteen years ago in 1998， on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights， a group of civil society organizations launched a global campaign for the recognition by all of the human right to peace. They declared， “We are convinced that after this century with its horrible wars， barbarism and crimes against humanity and human rights， it is high time for the ‘Human Right to Peace’ ”. They elaborated by underscoring that “the right to live is not applied in times of war - this contradiction and the undermining of the universality of human rights must be ended by the recognition of the human right to peace”. They called upon all “to prevent violence， intolerance and injustice in our countries and societies in order to overcome the cult of war and to build a Culture of Peace”.
在大约30年前的1998年，世界人权倡议签署50周年之际，一些民间团体组织发起了一项全球性的运动，呼吁全世界人民重视享有和平的人权。他们宣称，“我们深信，本世纪在经历了最惨绝人寰的战争，野蛮的暴虐行为以及对人性及人权所犯下的滔天罪行之后，已经到了必须要关注‘享有和平的人权’的关键时刻。”他们还强调“战火纷飞的年代剥夺了人民生存的权利——这种对普遍人权的彻底否定和严重损害必须终结，其途径就是享有和平的人权得到重视。”他们号召所有人都“要在所有国家和社会中消除暴力、偏狭和不公，结束对战争的狂热崇拜，从而构建和平文化”。
Both objectives still remain elusive， unattained – human right to peace has not yet been fully， formally and directly recognized as well as efforts needed for advancing the culture of peace remain sidelined in the UN system.
The international community over the years has been endeavoring to establish the universality of peace and human rights. The United Nations， in its Charter， recognized peace as central to its existence and affirmed that it is both a prerequisite and a consequence of the full enjoyment of human rights by all. The collective dimension of the human right to peace was codified in the preamble to the Charter of the United Nations， as the responsibility to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war lies with the peoples. The collective right of peoples to peace and security was also proclaimed by Article 23.1 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights of 1981.
Also， in 1984， the UN General Assembly proclaimed that “the peoples of our planet have a sacred right to peace”； and declared that “the preservation of the right of peoples to peace and the promotion of its implementation constitute a fundamental obligation of each State”. 但是，如今这些目标仍旧遥不可及，转瞬即逝——对享有和平的人权没有得到足够的、直接的重视，而且在联合国的所有工作中，和平文化的推进工作仍被排在次要位置。
几年来，国际社会一直在努力构建世界和平和人权。《联合国宪章》认为，和平是联合国存在的核心，是人人都全面享有人权的先决条件，也是其结果之一。享有和平的人权的集体范畴体现在《联合国宪章》的序言中，即人民有责任免除后代遭受战争之苦。在1981年颁布的《非洲人类和人民权利宪章》中，对于享有和平和安全的人权也有体现。
另外，1984年联合国大会宣称“所有地球居民都拥有神圣的享有和平的权利”，“保障人民享有和平的权利和促进这一权利的实施是每个国家的基本责任之一”。
With regards to peace， the 1999 Conference of The Hague Appeal for Peace is worthy of mention， because it approved an ambitious political document entitled “Agenda for Peace and Justice for the 21st Century”. The Agenda comprised four main appeals on disarmament and human security； prevention， resolution and transformation of violent conflicts； international humanitarian and human rights law and institutions； and the root causes of war/the culture of peace. Since then civil society has assumed that peace， justice， development， disarmament and the respect for human rights are essential elements to build the culture of peace to challenge our current culture of violence.
Pioneering steps in this context were taken with the Istanbul Declaration， adopted in 1969 by the XXI International Red Cross Conference， which states that human beings have the right to enjoy lasting peace as well as with the United Nations Commission on Human Rights resolution in 1976， which affirms that everyone has the right to live in conditions of peace and international security.
I am very proud to say that the civil society organizations have been the most forward-looking advocating for the recognition of human right to peace. The leadership role in this campaign has been played by the Spanish Society for International Human Rights Law （SSIHRL）. They adopted a landmark document in October 2006 titled the “Luarca Declaration on the Human Right to Peace” that articulates a very forceful and comprehensive expose of the subject and hopes that it would be considered by the United Nations General Assembly “in the near future.” Five years have passed in between. A very valuable aspect of the Luarca Declaration is that it crafts all the various “elements of human right to peace” bringing together， in an effective manner， the universality， interdependence and indivisibility of human rights and the overriding need to achieve international social justice. It also affirmed very boldly and rightly that the effectiveness of the right to peace will not be achieved without the realisation of equal rights for men and women. The recognition of “enabling” human rights， such as peace and development， is required to achieve a coordinated response on a worldwide scale to those threats to human rights arising from the global interdependence of all peoples and nations. Indeed， the prevailing condition of extreme poverty， hunger and disease in the world mean not only a clear violation of fundamental human rights， but also a real threat to millions of human beings. The Luarca Declaration was further elaborated in the Bilbao Declaration that was subsequently reviewed by the International Drafting Committee - ten experts from five regions of the world - meeting in Barcelona which adopted on 2 June 2010 the Barcelona Declaration on the Human Right to Peace， thus providing international acknowledgment to the private codification process initiated in Luarca in 2006. I had the honor and pleasure of being the Chairman of that International Committee. The Barcelona Declaration got endorsed by the broad-based International Congress held in Santiago de Compostela in Spain.
谈到和平，就不能不提到1999年海牙国际和平会议，该大会通过了一份雄心勃勃的政治文件——《海牙21世纪和平与正义议程》。该议程涉及裁军和保护人身安全，预防、化解和转换暴力冲突，建立国际人道主义和人权法案及体系，以及分析战争的罪因、倡导和平文化四项倡议。从此，民间团体视和平、正义、发展、裁军和对人权的尊重为构建和平文化的重要条件，以对抗当今世界的暴力文化。
同样，《伊斯坦布尔宣言》中也提到具有开创性意义的举措。该宣言在1969年国际红十字会大会上通过，它宣称人类应享有持久的和平权。1976年，联合国人权委员会决议中也确认人人都有权在和平和安全的国际环境中生存。
我要很自豪地告诉大家，在推动享有和平的人权的运动中，民间团体组织是最具远见的，其中西班牙国际人权团体发挥了领导作用。他们在2006年10月通过了一个里程碑式的文件——《鲁阿尔卡和平人权宣言》，围绕这一主题展开了非常有力和全面的阐述，并希望能在“不久的将来”被联合国大会考虑。该宣言发布距今已经有五年。它最有价值的部分在于有力地将“享有和平人权的几个因素”融合在一起：人权的普遍性、相互依存性和不可分割性和实现国际社会正义的需求高于一切。它还大胆而正确地肯定，真正的享有和平的权利，必须在实现男女平等的前提下才能实现。如果给如“和平和发展”等人权“赋能”，就必须要在世界范围内得到协调一致的响应，以应对相互依存的不同民族和国家所面临的人权威胁。的确如此，世界范围内蔓延的极端贫穷、饥饿和疾病不仅是对基本人权的肆意践踏，也是对上千万人民的真正威胁。
《鲁阿尔卡和平人权宣言》在随后的《毕尔巴宣言》中得到进一步阐述，并经过国际起草委员会审核，该委员会由来自世界五个地区的十名专家组成，他们于2010年6月2日齐聚巴塞罗那，通过了《享有和平的人权巴塞罗那宣言》，对2006年在鲁阿尔卡启动的非官方撰写进程给予了国际层面的肯定。我很荣幸也很高兴担任该国际委员会的主席。《巴塞罗那宣言》得到了在西班牙圣地亚哥召开的参与规模更大的国际议会的支持。
Since 2007 the Human Rights Council is reaffirming the fundamental value of solidarity in global relations. The Millennium Declaration adopted by the United Nations in 2000 affirmed that “global challenges must be managed in a way that distributes costs and burdens fairly， in accordance with basic principles of equity and social justice， and that those who suffer， or who benefit least， deserve help from those who benefit most”. In the international community， there was also increasing recognition of what is being called ad the third generation of human rights closely linked to the fundamental value of solidarity – first generation being political and civil rights and the second being the economic， social and cultural rights.
Addressing the arguments raised by the detractors of the proposal in relation to the allegedly vague content of the human right to peace， Canadian peace exponent Douglas Roche underscores that the human right to peace “is the product of a paradigm shift at the international level. Rights that focus solely on the relationship between the State and the individual are not sufficient in responding to a globalized world in which problems are no longer defined purely in national terms. The same global circuitry that fuels transportation， information， finance and organization has also increased the power of the arms trader， the warlord， the religious fanatic， the deranged political leader， the human trafficker and the terrorist. There is， thus， a technological burden with which the other two generations of human rights were never designed to cope， and the human right to peace is an attempt to respond to the perils of the modern interconnected world. Dismissing the human right to peace as vague and declaring that it offers nothing new is an exercise that misses the mark. The human right to peace is innovative and addresses a whole swathe of new and interconnected global challenges”. Although international law and politics acknowledge the prevailing interrelationship between human rights and peace， the recognition of the right to peace as an autonomous human right has not yet been achieved by the UN General Assembly. Nevertheless， I and like me many believe that the right to peace should be qualified as a right of solidarity.
2007年后，人权委员会重申团结是国际关系的基本价值。2000年，联合国《千年宣言》明确声明“应对全球挑战需要所有国家公平地均摊成本和负担，并且依照平等和社会正义的基本原则，即最受苦者和获益最少者理应得到获益多者的帮助”。国际社会愈来愈认同与团结紧密相关的人权概念的第三种新定义，人权概念的第一种定义强调政治和公民权利，第二种定义则强调经济、社会和文化权利。
加拿大和平倡导者道格拉斯·罗奇在反驳那些认为享有和平的人权内容太过模糊的批评时，强调享有和平的人权“是整个国际思维方式转变的成果。因为仅仅关注国家和个人的关系已经不足以应对不断全球化过程中出现的各种问题，这些问题已经超出单个国家的界限。同样，全球化趋势也助长了武器商人、军阀、宗教狂热分子、精神错乱的政治领袖、人口贩子和恐怖分子的气焰。因此，前两种人权的定义并没有就此作出回答，享有和平的人权是为应对这个互相联通的现代世界所面临的重重危险所进行的尝试之一。认为享有和平人权的概念是模糊不清的，宣称其没有任何新意的观念绝对是错误的。和平人权在我看来是崭新的，并能解决当今错综复杂、息息相关的种种全球挑战”。
虽然国际法和国际政治承认人权与和平之间主要的相互关系，但是和平人权作为一个独立人权尚未获得联合国大会的认可。不过，我和像我这样的许多人认为和平人权应被视为一种团结的权利。
The international solidarity requires international cooperation， union of interest and joint action in order to preserve not only the fabric and very survival of international society， but also to achieve the collective goals. All means used to achieve this global purpose are shared by the right to peace， because the “cooperation for the maintenance of international peace and security is an absolute necessity for the implementation of this right”. Once the right to peace is established as a new human right， it would provide a solid basis to the culture of peace. Its recognition would also give fresh impetus to the struggle against violence and attitudes based on force， imposition and gender discrimination.
Recalling Einstein’s comment that “Peace cannot be kept by force … it can only be achieved by understanding”， my dear friend and colleague Federico Mayor， who has been the leader of UNESCO， said， “we must understand today that if peace is the right of all people， then a culture of peace is the responsibility of all people”. So profound and so appropriate！！
Promotion of peace needs to be understood not only in the passive sense of the absence of war， but also in the positive sense of creation of conditions of equity， gender and racial equality and social justice. Indeed， depriving people of their economic， social and cultural rights generates social injustice， marginalization and unrestrained exploitation. It follows that there exists a correlation between socio-economic inequalities and violence. Thus， the realization of the right to development is vital to reduce any kind of internal or external violence within society. It is therefore necessary to reincorporate into the international agenda the issue of the right to peace， which had disappeared since the end of the Cold War. The United Nations should re-engage in the real sense in favour of solidarity， human rights， international cooperation， disarmament and peace as a whole. 国际团结需要国际合作、利益联盟和联合行动，以维护国际社会的组织构成和生存问题，同时也为了实现集体目标。用来实现这一全球目的的所有手段通过和平人权共享，因为“维护国际和平与安全的合作是实现这项权利绝对不可或缺的”。一旦和平人权被确认为一个新的人权，它将会给和平文化提供一个坚实的基础。它的确认也将为对抗基于武力、强迫和性别歧视的暴力和态度提供新的推动力。
回想爱因斯坦曾发表的言论，他说过，“和平不能靠武力维持……它只能通过理解才能实现”，我亲爱的朋友和同事——联合国教科文组织的领导人菲德利科·麦尔也说过，“我们必须明白，今天如果和平是所有人的权利，那么和平文化就是所有人的责任”。这是多么深刻，多么恰当！
在消极意义上促进和平，被理解为没有战争。在积极意义上，被理解为创造公平、性别和种族平等以及社会正义的条件。事实上，剥夺了人们的经济、社会和文化权利就会产生社会不公平、边缘化和无节制的剥削。社会经济不平等与暴力之间存在着相关性。因此，实现发展权对于减少任何一种社会内部或外部的暴力行为至关重要。所以，有必要将和平权的问题重新纳入国际议程，冷战结束之后该问题已不在其列。联合国应在真正意义上重新致力于支持团结、人权、国际合作、解除武装与和平。
As we step into the second decade of the 21st century， we could surely take lessons from our past in order to build a new and better tomorrow. One lesson learned is that to prevent history repeating itself - the values of non-violence， tolerance and democracy will have to be inculcated in every woman and man - children and adults alike. As former Secretary-General of the United Nations and Nobel Peace laureate Kofi Annan has said， "Over the years we have come to realize that it is not enough to send peacekeeping forces to separate warring parties. It is not enough to engage in peace-building efforts after societies have been ravaged by conflict. It is not enough to conduct preventive diplomacy. All of this is essential work， but we want enduring results. We need， in short， a culture of peace."
With that objective， a landmark decision was taken by the United Nations to adopt the Declaration and Programme of Action on Culture of Peace in 1999. I had the honor of chairing the nine-month long negotiations to get all UN member-states to agree to reach consensus on this norm-setting document.
Peace is a prerequisite for human development. And peace cannot be achieved unless the mind is at peace. Peace is meaningful only when we have peace within and peace outside.
We should never forget the profound words incorporated in the UNESCO Constitution that “Since wars begin in the minds of men， it is in the minds of men that the defenses of peace must be constructed.” The flourishing of culture of peace will generate the mindset that is a prerequisite for the transition from force to reason， from conflict and violence to dialogue and peace.
当我们跨入21世纪的第二个十年，我们无疑可以吸取过去的教训，以建立一个崭新的、更美好的明天。其中一个教训是“要防止历史的重演，非暴力、宽容和民主的价值观将灌输给每一个女人、男人、儿童和成人。”正如前联合国秘书长、诺贝尔和平奖得主科菲·安南曾表示的：“多年来，我们已经认识到，靠派遣维和部队来分开交战双方是远远不够的；致力于由于冲突导致社会被毁坏后的和平建设方面的努力是远远不够的；进行预防性外交也是远远不够的。所有这一切都是必不可少的工作，但我们希望看到持久的结果。总之，我们需要的是和平文化。”
有了这个目标，联合国做出了一个具有里程碑意义的决定，在1999年通过了和平文化的宣言和行动纲领。我有幸主持了长达9个月的协商会议，在制定这个标准的文件方面最终达成了共识。 和平是人类发展的先决条件。除非心态平和，否则和平是无法实现的。只有当我们拥有内在的和平与外在的和平时，和平才有意义。
我们永远不应该忘记纳入联合国教科文组织宪章的深刻话语：“战争起源于人类的思想，因此在人的思想里，必须形成维护和平的思想。”和平文化的蓬勃发展将产生一种心态，这种心态是从武力过渡到理智，从冲突和暴力过渡到对话与和平的先决条件。
No time is more appropriate than now to build the culture of peace. No social responsibility is greater nor task more significant than that of securing peace on our planet on a sustainable foundation. Today's world with its complexities and challenges is becoming increasingly more interdependent and interconnected. The sheer magnitude of these requires all of us to work together. Global efforts towards peace and reconciliation can only succeed with a collective approach built on trust， dialogue and collaboration. For that， we have to build a grand alliance for the culture of peace amongst all， particularly with the proactive involvement and participation of the communities.
In today’s world， more so， the culture of peace should be seen as the essence of a new humanity， a new global civilization based on inner oneness and outer diversity.
Seed of peace exists in all of us. It must be nurtured， cared for and promoted by us all to flourish. Peace cannot be imposed from outside； it must be realized from within.
现在正是建立和平文化最恰当的时机。在我们的星球可持续发展的基础上，没有比维护和平具有更大的社会责任和更重要的任务。今日世界的复杂性和挑战正变得越来越相互依存和相互关联。这些需要我们所有人共同努力。实现和平与和解的全球努力只有通过建立在信任、对话和合作的基础上才能取得成功。为此，我们必须建立一个和平文化强大联盟，特别是拥有所有团体的积极参与。
当今世界更是如此，和平文化越应该被视为以内部统一、外部多样化为基础的一种新人道、新全球文明的精髓。
和平的种子存在于我们所有人之中。它必须经过我们的培养、关心和推动才能蓬勃生长。和平不能通过外部施加，而必须从内部来实现。
A key ingredient in building the culture of peace is education. Peace education needs to be accepted in all parts of the world， in all societies and countries as an essential element in creating culture of peace. The young of today deserves a radically different education –“one that does not glorify war but educates for peace， non-violence and global cooperation.” They need the skills and knowledge to create and nurture peace for their individual selves as well as for the world they belong to.
All educational institutions need to offer opportunities that prepare the students to be responsible and productive citizens of the world and should introduce the teaching that builds the culture of peace.
We should not also be oblivious that non-violence can truly flourish when the world is free of poverty， hunger， discrimination， exclusion， intolerance and hatred – and when women and men can realize their highest potential and live a secure and fulfilling life. Here let me underline a point very strongly that much of the dynamic progress towards culture of peace derives inspiration and hope from women's visions and actions， who constitute half of the world population. Promotion of equality between women and men and equal participation of women in all decision-making are essential prerequisites to attaining sustainable peace. As has been said， “For generations， women have served as peace educators， both in their families and in their societies. They have proved instrumental in building bridges rather than walls.”
建设和平文化的一个关键因素是教育。和平教育需要在世界各地、所有社会和国家被接受，它是建立和平文化的重要组成部分。当今的年轻人应受到一个完全不同的教育——“不崇尚战争，为和平、非暴力和全球合作进行教育。”他们需要技能和知识，来为他们自身以及他们所属的世界创造和培育和平。
所有教育机构需要给学生提供机会，让学生成为有责任感的、富有成效的公民，还应该引入构建和平文化的教学方式。
此外，当世界没有贫困、饥饿、歧视、排斥、偏狭和仇恨时，当女性和男性可以通过实现自己的最大潜能，过上安全又充实的生活时，我们不应忘记这可能正是非暴力蓬勃发展的时候。
在此，我要格外强调一点，很多促进和平文化的前进动力来源于女性愿景和行动的灵感和希望，女性占了世界一半人口。促进男女平等和妇女在所有决策中的平等参与是实现可持续和平的必不可少的先决条件。正如人们所说的，“世世代代，妇女担任和平教育者，无论是在他们的家庭中还是在社会上。她们已经被证明有助于建立桥梁而非墙壁。”我坚信，当女性在人类活动的所有领域都被边缘化，无法获得平等时，那么和平权是没有意义的，和平文化也是不可能实现的。
I believe with all my conviction that when women are marginalized and their equality is not established in all spheres of human activity， neither the human right to peace is worthwhile， nor the culture of peace is possible.
我坚信，假如女性被边缘化，人类活动的各个领域没有实现性别平等，那么享有和平的人权将没有意义，和平文化的实现也仅仅是空谈。
改写自安瓦鲁·K·乔德哈瑞大使于2011年9月25日在纽约道德文化协会周日讲堂上的主旨演讲。2012年，由日内瓦人权委员会工作组起草的《享有和平权宣言》标志着人类在享有和平的人权方面取得了重大进步。
Nearly thirteen years ago in 1998， on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights， a group of civil society organizations launched a global campaign for the recognition by all of the human right to peace. They declared， “We are convinced that after this century with its horrible wars， barbarism and crimes against humanity and human rights， it is high time for the ‘Human Right to Peace’ ”. They elaborated by underscoring that “the right to live is not applied in times of war - this contradiction and the undermining of the universality of human rights must be ended by the recognition of the human right to peace”. They called upon all “to prevent violence， intolerance and injustice in our countries and societies in order to overcome the cult of war and to build a Culture of Peace”.
在大约30年前的1998年，世界人权倡议签署50周年之际，一些民间团体组织发起了一项全球性的运动，呼吁全世界人民重视享有和平的人权。他们宣称，“我们深信，本世纪在经历了最惨绝人寰的战争，野蛮的暴虐行为以及对人性及人权所犯下的滔天罪行之后，已经到了必须要关注‘享有和平的人权’的关键时刻。”他们还强调“战火纷飞的年代剥夺了人民生存的权利——这种对普遍人权的彻底否定和严重损害必须终结，其途径就是享有和平的人权得到重视。”他们号召所有人都“要在所有国家和社会中消除暴力、偏狭和不公，结束对战争的狂热崇拜，从而构建和平文化”。
Both objectives still remain elusive， unattained – human right to peace has not yet been fully， formally and directly recognized as well as efforts needed for advancing the culture of peace remain sidelined in the UN system.
The international community over the years has been endeavoring to establish the universality of peace and human rights. The United Nations， in its Charter， recognized peace as central to its existence and affirmed that it is both a prerequisite and a consequence of the full enjoyment of human rights by all. The collective dimension of the human right to peace was codified in the preamble to the Charter of the United Nations， as the responsibility to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war lies with the peoples. The collective right of peoples to peace and security was also proclaimed by Article 23.1 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights of 1981.
Also， in 1984， the UN General Assembly proclaimed that “the peoples of our planet have a sacred right to peace”； and declared that “the preservation of the right of peoples to peace and the promotion of its implementation constitute a fundamental obligation of each State”. 但是，如今这些目标仍旧遥不可及，转瞬即逝——对享有和平的人权没有得到足够的、直接的重视，而且在联合国的所有工作中，和平文化的推进工作仍被排在次要位置。
几年来，国际社会一直在努力构建世界和平和人权。《联合国宪章》认为，和平是联合国存在的核心，是人人都全面享有人权的先决条件，也是其结果之一。享有和平的人权的集体范畴体现在《联合国宪章》的序言中，即人民有责任免除后代遭受战争之苦。在1981年颁布的《非洲人类和人民权利宪章》中，对于享有和平和安全的人权也有体现。
另外，1984年联合国大会宣称“所有地球居民都拥有神圣的享有和平的权利”，“保障人民享有和平的权利和促进这一权利的实施是每个国家的基本责任之一”。
With regards to peace， the 1999 Conference of The Hague Appeal for Peace is worthy of mention， because it approved an ambitious political document entitled “Agenda for Peace and Justice for the 21st Century”. The Agenda comprised four main appeals on disarmament and human security； prevention， resolution and transformation of violent conflicts； international humanitarian and human rights law and institutions； and the root causes of war/the culture of peace. Since then civil society has assumed that peace， justice， development， disarmament and the respect for human rights are essential elements to build the culture of peace to challenge our current culture of violence.
Pioneering steps in this context were taken with the Istanbul Declaration， adopted in 1969 by the XXI International Red Cross Conference， which states that human beings have the right to enjoy lasting peace as well as with the United Nations Commission on Human Rights resolution in 1976， which affirms that everyone has the right to live in conditions of peace and international security.
I am very proud to say that the civil society organizations have been the most forward-looking advocating for the recognition of human right to peace. The leadership role in this campaign has been played by the Spanish Society for International Human Rights Law （SSIHRL）. They adopted a landmark document in October 2006 titled the “Luarca Declaration on the Human Right to Peace” that articulates a very forceful and comprehensive expose of the subject and hopes that it would be considered by the United Nations General Assembly “in the near future.” Five years have passed in between. A very valuable aspect of the Luarca Declaration is that it crafts all the various “elements of human right to peace” bringing together， in an effective manner， the universality， interdependence and indivisibility of human rights and the overriding need to achieve international social justice. It also affirmed very boldly and rightly that the effectiveness of the right to peace will not be achieved without the realisation of equal rights for men and women. The recognition of “enabling” human rights， such as peace and development， is required to achieve a coordinated response on a worldwide scale to those threats to human rights arising from the global interdependence of all peoples and nations. Indeed， the prevailing condition of extreme poverty， hunger and disease in the world mean not only a clear violation of fundamental human rights， but also a real threat to millions of human beings. The Luarca Declaration was further elaborated in the Bilbao Declaration that was subsequently reviewed by the International Drafting Committee - ten experts from five regions of the world - meeting in Barcelona which adopted on 2 June 2010 the Barcelona Declaration on the Human Right to Peace， thus providing international acknowledgment to the private codification process initiated in Luarca in 2006. I had the honor and pleasure of being the Chairman of that International Committee. The Barcelona Declaration got endorsed by the broad-based International Congress held in Santiago de Compostela in Spain.
谈到和平，就不能不提到1999年海牙国际和平会议，该大会通过了一份雄心勃勃的政治文件——《海牙21世纪和平与正义议程》。该议程涉及裁军和保护人身安全，预防、化解和转换暴力冲突，建立国际人道主义和人权法案及体系，以及分析战争的罪因、倡导和平文化四项倡议。从此，民间团体视和平、正义、发展、裁军和对人权的尊重为构建和平文化的重要条件，以对抗当今世界的暴力文化。
同样，《伊斯坦布尔宣言》中也提到具有开创性意义的举措。该宣言在1969年国际红十字会大会上通过，它宣称人类应享有持久的和平权。1976年，联合国人权委员会决议中也确认人人都有权在和平和安全的国际环境中生存。
我要很自豪地告诉大家，在推动享有和平的人权的运动中，民间团体组织是最具远见的，其中西班牙国际人权团体发挥了领导作用。他们在2006年10月通过了一个里程碑式的文件——《鲁阿尔卡和平人权宣言》，围绕这一主题展开了非常有力和全面的阐述，并希望能在“不久的将来”被联合国大会考虑。该宣言发布距今已经有五年。它最有价值的部分在于有力地将“享有和平人权的几个因素”融合在一起：人权的普遍性、相互依存性和不可分割性和实现国际社会正义的需求高于一切。它还大胆而正确地肯定，真正的享有和平的权利，必须在实现男女平等的前提下才能实现。如果给如“和平和发展”等人权“赋能”，就必须要在世界范围内得到协调一致的响应，以应对相互依存的不同民族和国家所面临的人权威胁。的确如此，世界范围内蔓延的极端贫穷、饥饿和疾病不仅是对基本人权的肆意践踏，也是对上千万人民的真正威胁。
《鲁阿尔卡和平人权宣言》在随后的《毕尔巴宣言》中得到进一步阐述，并经过国际起草委员会审核，该委员会由来自世界五个地区的十名专家组成，他们于2010年6月2日齐聚巴塞罗那，通过了《享有和平的人权巴塞罗那宣言》，对2006年在鲁阿尔卡启动的非官方撰写进程给予了国际层面的肯定。我很荣幸也很高兴担任该国际委员会的主席。《巴塞罗那宣言》得到了在西班牙圣地亚哥召开的参与规模更大的国际议会的支持。
Since 2007 the Human Rights Council is reaffirming the fundamental value of solidarity in global relations. The Millennium Declaration adopted by the United Nations in 2000 affirmed that “global challenges must be managed in a way that distributes costs and burdens fairly， in accordance with basic principles of equity and social justice， and that those who suffer， or who benefit least， deserve help from those who benefit most”. In the international community， there was also increasing recognition of what is being called ad the third generation of human rights closely linked to the fundamental value of solidarity – first generation being political and civil rights and the second being the economic， social and cultural rights.
Addressing the arguments raised by the detractors of the proposal in relation to the allegedly vague content of the human right to peace， Canadian peace exponent Douglas Roche underscores that the human right to peace “is the product of a paradigm shift at the international level. Rights that focus solely on the relationship between the State and the individual are not sufficient in responding to a globalized world in which problems are no longer defined purely in national terms. The same global circuitry that fuels transportation， information， finance and organization has also increased the power of the arms trader， the warlord， the religious fanatic， the deranged political leader， the human trafficker and the terrorist. There is， thus， a technological burden with which the other two generations of human rights were never designed to cope， and the human right to peace is an attempt to respond to the perils of the modern interconnected world. Dismissing the human right to peace as vague and declaring that it offers nothing new is an exercise that misses the mark. The human right to peace is innovative and addresses a whole swathe of new and interconnected global challenges”. Although international law and politics acknowledge the prevailing interrelationship between human rights and peace， the recognition of the right to peace as an autonomous human right has not yet been achieved by the UN General Assembly. Nevertheless， I and like me many believe that the right to peace should be qualified as a right of solidarity.
2007年后，人权委员会重申团结是国际关系的基本价值。2000年，联合国《千年宣言》明确声明“应对全球挑战需要所有国家公平地均摊成本和负担，并且依照平等和社会正义的基本原则，即最受苦者和获益最少者理应得到获益多者的帮助”。国际社会愈来愈认同与团结紧密相关的人权概念的第三种新定义，人权概念的第一种定义强调政治和公民权利，第二种定义则强调经济、社会和文化权利。
加拿大和平倡导者道格拉斯·罗奇在反驳那些认为享有和平的人权内容太过模糊的批评时，强调享有和平的人权“是整个国际思维方式转变的成果。因为仅仅关注国家和个人的关系已经不足以应对不断全球化过程中出现的各种问题，这些问题已经超出单个国家的界限。同样，全球化趋势也助长了武器商人、军阀、宗教狂热分子、精神错乱的政治领袖、人口贩子和恐怖分子的气焰。因此，前两种人权的定义并没有就此作出回答，享有和平的人权是为应对这个互相联通的现代世界所面临的重重危险所进行的尝试之一。认为享有和平人权的概念是模糊不清的，宣称其没有任何新意的观念绝对是错误的。和平人权在我看来是崭新的，并能解决当今错综复杂、息息相关的种种全球挑战”。
虽然国际法和国际政治承认人权与和平之间主要的相互关系，但是和平人权作为一个独立人权尚未获得联合国大会的认可。不过，我和像我这样的许多人认为和平人权应被视为一种团结的权利。
The international solidarity requires international cooperation， union of interest and joint action in order to preserve not only the fabric and very survival of international society， but also to achieve the collective goals. All means used to achieve this global purpose are shared by the right to peace， because the “cooperation for the maintenance of international peace and security is an absolute necessity for the implementation of this right”. Once the right to peace is established as a new human right， it would provide a solid basis to the culture of peace. Its recognition would also give fresh impetus to the struggle against violence and attitudes based on force， imposition and gender discrimination.
Recalling Einstein’s comment that “Peace cannot be kept by force … it can only be achieved by understanding”， my dear friend and colleague Federico Mayor， who has been the leader of UNESCO， said， “we must understand today that if peace is the right of all people， then a culture of peace is the responsibility of all people”. So profound and so appropriate！！
Promotion of peace needs to be understood not only in the passive sense of the absence of war， but also in the positive sense of creation of conditions of equity， gender and racial equality and social justice. Indeed， depriving people of their economic， social and cultural rights generates social injustice， marginalization and unrestrained exploitation. It follows that there exists a correlation between socio-economic inequalities and violence. Thus， the realization of the right to development is vital to reduce any kind of internal or external violence within society. It is therefore necessary to reincorporate into the international agenda the issue of the right to peace， which had disappeared since the end of the Cold War. The United Nations should re-engage in the real sense in favour of solidarity， human rights， international cooperation， disarmament and peace as a whole. 国际团结需要国际合作、利益联盟和联合行动，以维护国际社会的组织构成和生存问题，同时也为了实现集体目标。用来实现这一全球目的的所有手段通过和平人权共享，因为“维护国际和平与安全的合作是实现这项权利绝对不可或缺的”。一旦和平人权被确认为一个新的人权，它将会给和平文化提供一个坚实的基础。它的确认也将为对抗基于武力、强迫和性别歧视的暴力和态度提供新的推动力。
回想爱因斯坦曾发表的言论，他说过，“和平不能靠武力维持……它只能通过理解才能实现”，我亲爱的朋友和同事——联合国教科文组织的领导人菲德利科·麦尔也说过，“我们必须明白，今天如果和平是所有人的权利，那么和平文化就是所有人的责任”。这是多么深刻，多么恰当！
在消极意义上促进和平，被理解为没有战争。在积极意义上，被理解为创造公平、性别和种族平等以及社会正义的条件。事实上，剥夺了人们的经济、社会和文化权利就会产生社会不公平、边缘化和无节制的剥削。社会经济不平等与暴力之间存在着相关性。因此，实现发展权对于减少任何一种社会内部或外部的暴力行为至关重要。所以，有必要将和平权的问题重新纳入国际议程，冷战结束之后该问题已不在其列。联合国应在真正意义上重新致力于支持团结、人权、国际合作、解除武装与和平。
As we step into the second decade of the 21st century， we could surely take lessons from our past in order to build a new and better tomorrow. One lesson learned is that to prevent history repeating itself - the values of non-violence， tolerance and democracy will have to be inculcated in every woman and man - children and adults alike. As former Secretary-General of the United Nations and Nobel Peace laureate Kofi Annan has said， "Over the years we have come to realize that it is not enough to send peacekeeping forces to separate warring parties. It is not enough to engage in peace-building efforts after societies have been ravaged by conflict. It is not enough to conduct preventive diplomacy. All of this is essential work， but we want enduring results. We need， in short， a culture of peace."
With that objective， a landmark decision was taken by the United Nations to adopt the Declaration and Programme of Action on Culture of Peace in 1999. I had the honor of chairing the nine-month long negotiations to get all UN member-states to agree to reach consensus on this norm-setting document.
Peace is a prerequisite for human development. And peace cannot be achieved unless the mind is at peace. Peace is meaningful only when we have peace within and peace outside.
We should never forget the profound words incorporated in the UNESCO Constitution that “Since wars begin in the minds of men， it is in the minds of men that the defenses of peace must be constructed.” The flourishing of culture of peace will generate the mindset that is a prerequisite for the transition from force to reason， from conflict and violence to dialogue and peace.
当我们跨入21世纪的第二个十年，我们无疑可以吸取过去的教训，以建立一个崭新的、更美好的明天。其中一个教训是“要防止历史的重演，非暴力、宽容和民主的价值观将灌输给每一个女人、男人、儿童和成人。”正如前联合国秘书长、诺贝尔和平奖得主科菲·安南曾表示的：“多年来，我们已经认识到，靠派遣维和部队来分开交战双方是远远不够的；致力于由于冲突导致社会被毁坏后的和平建设方面的努力是远远不够的；进行预防性外交也是远远不够的。所有这一切都是必不可少的工作，但我们希望看到持久的结果。总之，我们需要的是和平文化。”
有了这个目标，联合国做出了一个具有里程碑意义的决定，在1999年通过了和平文化的宣言和行动纲领。我有幸主持了长达9个月的协商会议，在制定这个标准的文件方面最终达成了共识。 和平是人类发展的先决条件。除非心态平和，否则和平是无法实现的。只有当我们拥有内在的和平与外在的和平时，和平才有意义。
我们永远不应该忘记纳入联合国教科文组织宪章的深刻话语：“战争起源于人类的思想，因此在人的思想里，必须形成维护和平的思想。”和平文化的蓬勃发展将产生一种心态，这种心态是从武力过渡到理智，从冲突和暴力过渡到对话与和平的先决条件。
No time is more appropriate than now to build the culture of peace. No social responsibility is greater nor task more significant than that of securing peace on our planet on a sustainable foundation. Today's world with its complexities and challenges is becoming increasingly more interdependent and interconnected. The sheer magnitude of these requires all of us to work together. Global efforts towards peace and reconciliation can only succeed with a collective approach built on trust， dialogue and collaboration. For that， we have to build a grand alliance for the culture of peace amongst all， particularly with the proactive involvement and participation of the communities.
In today’s world， more so， the culture of peace should be seen as the essence of a new humanity， a new global civilization based on inner oneness and outer diversity.
Seed of peace exists in all of us. It must be nurtured， cared for and promoted by us all to flourish. Peace cannot be imposed from outside； it must be realized from within.
现在正是建立和平文化最恰当的时机。在我们的星球可持续发展的基础上，没有比维护和平具有更大的社会责任和更重要的任务。今日世界的复杂性和挑战正变得越来越相互依存和相互关联。这些需要我们所有人共同努力。实现和平与和解的全球努力只有通过建立在信任、对话和合作的基础上才能取得成功。为此，我们必须建立一个和平文化强大联盟，特别是拥有所有团体的积极参与。
当今世界更是如此，和平文化越应该被视为以内部统一、外部多样化为基础的一种新人道、新全球文明的精髓。
和平的种子存在于我们所有人之中。它必须经过我们的培养、关心和推动才能蓬勃生长。和平不能通过外部施加，而必须从内部来实现。
A key ingredient in building the culture of peace is education. Peace education needs to be accepted in all parts of the world， in all societies and countries as an essential element in creating culture of peace. The young of today deserves a radically different education –“one that does not glorify war but educates for peace， non-violence and global cooperation.” They need the skills and knowledge to create and nurture peace for their individual selves as well as for the world they belong to.
All educational institutions need to offer opportunities that prepare the students to be responsible and productive citizens of the world and should introduce the teaching that builds the culture of peace.
We should not also be oblivious that non-violence can truly flourish when the world is free of poverty， hunger， discrimination， exclusion， intolerance and hatred – and when women and men can realize their highest potential and live a secure and fulfilling life. Here let me underline a point very strongly that much of the dynamic progress towards culture of peace derives inspiration and hope from women's visions and actions， who constitute half of the world population. Promotion of equality between women and men and equal participation of women in all decision-making are essential prerequisites to attaining sustainable peace. As has been said， “For generations， women have served as peace educators， both in their families and in their societies. They have proved instrumental in building bridges rather than walls.”
建设和平文化的一个关键因素是教育。和平教育需要在世界各地、所有社会和国家被接受，它是建立和平文化的重要组成部分。当今的年轻人应受到一个完全不同的教育——“不崇尚战争，为和平、非暴力和全球合作进行教育。”他们需要技能和知识，来为他们自身以及他们所属的世界创造和培育和平。
所有教育机构需要给学生提供机会，让学生成为有责任感的、富有成效的公民，还应该引入构建和平文化的教学方式。
此外，当世界没有贫困、饥饿、歧视、排斥、偏狭和仇恨时，当女性和男性可以通过实现自己的最大潜能，过上安全又充实的生活时，我们不应忘记这可能正是非暴力蓬勃发展的时候。
在此，我要格外强调一点，很多促进和平文化的前进动力来源于女性愿景和行动的灵感和希望，女性占了世界一半人口。促进男女平等和妇女在所有决策中的平等参与是实现可持续和平的必不可少的先决条件。正如人们所说的，“世世代代，妇女担任和平教育者，无论是在他们的家庭中还是在社会上。她们已经被证明有助于建立桥梁而非墙壁。”我坚信，当女性在人类活动的所有领域都被边缘化，无法获得平等时，那么和平权是没有意义的，和平文化也是不可能实现的。
I believe with all my conviction that when women are marginalized and their equality is not established in all spheres of human activity， neither the human right to peace is worthwhile， nor the culture of peace is possible.
我坚信，假如女性被边缘化，人类活动的各个领域没有实现性别平等，那么享有和平的人权将没有意义，和平文化的实现也仅仅是空谈。