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【摘要】在当今社会，新闻的作用越来越重要。新闻的作用更有两个：一方面，它用于分享和交流信息；另一方面，它大体上详细阐明了公众视角，这样就在社会生活“议程设定”担当至关重要的角色。这篇文章主要是通过中西方关于中方发生事件的报道的分析，尤其是对发生地灾难性事件的报道的分析，阐释了美国和中国一些媒体报道的不同之处还有导致此种不用的原因。同时，本篇文章还提出了解决冲突的方法。
【关键词】灾难 新闻 不同 解决方法 冲突
1. Introduction
In the international mass communication， the reports on China in other countries’ news media especially those in the western countries are not always “satisfactory” or “optimistic”. The two major frequently occurred topics in their news reports are： human rights abuses， and China’s threats towards the world security. In the American newspapers， China is portrayed as having various kinds of problems （Qu Zhen， 2005）.
So the negative reports on China account for a large percentage of their news coverage which has severely ruined China’s image and reputation in the world， and has also damaged the harmonious and friendly diplomatic relationship between China and other countries. All these factors will further influence China’s position in the international community and hinder its future domestic development. （Wu Yuzhen，2005）
In this essay the author will try to analyze how the culture differences influence the way people report events between China and western countries. Besides， the author wants to share you with some solutions to solve this conflicts caused by culture difference. In this paper you can see four aspects that cause the differences of news reporting.
2. Comparison of Samples in Different Countries
Recent years， the whole world， as well as China， suffered many disastrous events， such as SARS， earthquakes， tsunami， the gun attack and mine disasters etc. These events bring people sorrow， anxiety and panic. They have also exerted serious effect on China and the whole world.
The following news will be picked up from the Chinese media and the American media.
2.1 News about the Jiaoji Railway Crash
①The Chinese news：
胡锦涛、温家宝就胶济铁路重大事故作出重要批示 张德江赶赴现场指导救援善后工作
新华社北京4月28日电 28日凌晨，胶济铁路发生一起客车脱线相撞重大事故。事故发生后，党中央、国务院高度重视，中共中央总书记胡锦涛、国务院总理温家宝分别作出重要批示，并指派中共中央政治局委员、国务院副总理张德江立即赶赴现场，指导救援善后工作。目前，张德江一行已抵达事故现场开展工作。
淄博境内胶济线列车相撞 受伤旅客得到全力救治
人民网淄博视窗电 （记者查晓东 吴芬 刘春军 摄影报道）
旅客生命大如天。事故发生后，中国铁道部和山东省委、省政府迅速启动紧急预案。铁道部部长刘志军、山东省委书记姜异康、省长姜大明，以及淄博市委市政府的主要领导同志等迅速赶赴事故现场指挥调度，对事故进行处理，尽全力把事故损失压低到最低限度；胡锦涛总书记、温家宝总理闻讯后作出紧急批示，张德江副总理迅速赶到事故现场，对事故的善后处理提出了更高的要求。中央、省、市领导同志要求附近医院将全部医护人员动员起来，紧急救治受伤旅客，绝不让一位受伤旅客因时间耽搁而失去生命。
②The USA news：
Train collision kills dozens in China BEIJING — A predawn collision between two passenger trains in Eastern China on Monday has killed at least 66 people and injured 247， according to Xinhua， the state news agency， making it one of the deadliest rail accidents in recent years. The two trains， one heading from Beijing to Qingdao and the other traveling between Yantai and Xuzhou， collided at 4：40 a.m. in the town of Zibo， Shandong Province.
Witnesses said one train derailed at a bend and then struck the other， throwing at least ten cars into a ditch. Wire reports quoted a rail official saying that a new timetable introduced on Monday might have contributed to the crash.
China has one of the world’s most heavily used rail systems. In recent years， at least $100 billion has been spent on improvements and expanded service. Reached by phone on Monday morning， hospital officials in Zibo said the injured began arriving around 5 a.m. with about 100 ambulances ferrying the injured to local hospitals. （This is from New York Times）
Comparison of the two pieces of news
Similarities：
Both of the two pieces of news report the accident that happened in China. Both news media in two countries’ were concerned about the crash.
Differences：
American media explored not only the crash itself but also the crash impact. What they described about is severer than the Chinese media did. They quoted not only the named authorities but also much more unnamed authorities and critics. Especially， there are a lot of common people’s words. But the Chinese focalizes on the crash relief works， and quoted a mass of named authorities. What the government did is stressed. The positive reports to encourage the people and the relief works are much more than the negative ones.
2.2 News about Sanlu Milk
①The Chinese news：
卫生部要求各地开通“问题奶粉”咨询热线12320引导群众正确就医
新华网北京9月2.日电（记者吴晶）卫生部20日发出紧急通知，要求没有开通婴幼儿奶粉事件健康咨询热线12320的省份，应在最短时间内开通，并及时告知公众。
为及时解答公众的健康咨询和医疗救治等问题，科学地进行解疑释惑，及时引导群众正确就医，卫生部将北京市和上海市公共卫生公益电话12320设置为服务于全国的婴幼儿奶粉健康咨询热线电话。
据了解，目前，全国已有8个省（市）开通了12320电话服务。卫生部在通知中要求，已开通12320的省份，要按照全国12320管理中心制定的《三鹿牌婴幼儿奶粉事件公众咨询指南》，结合本地实际情况，增强接听能力，解答公众咨询，引导群众正确就医。没有开通12320的，应向社会公布其他热线电话，组织专家和相关人员回答公众咨询，满足本地群众对于婴幼儿奶粉事件的健康咨询需求。
②The USA news：
Tainted milk formula poisons Chinese babies： This is not the first time the safety of Chinese products has been called into question. Consumer confidence was badly dented after recent cases involving tainted toothpaste and pet food. （This is from CNN.） Chinese Baby Formula Scandal Widens as 2nd Death Is Announced： It seems likely that contaminated formula had been distributed for several months.
The two deaths attributed to the bad formula， both in Gansu， occurred long before the scandal became public. One was a 5-month-old boy who died on May 1； the other was an 8-month-old girl who died on July 22， according to the Health Ministry.
Chinese regulators responded last year with a high-profile crackdown and banned such uses of melamine. Regulators expressed outrage about the latest problems， but did not clarify why it took so long to uncover. （This is from New York Times）
Comparison of the two pieces of news
Similarities：
These two pieces of news report are related to the Sanlu milk. Both of them tell people the evolvement of the incident.
Differences：
The Chinese new is about the solution of the contaminated milk. The newly built phone line 12320 in eight provinces that give the people a positive impression. The American news is about the consequences caused by the Sanlu milk. It concerns more about the death and the victims.
3. Cases Analysis
From the above samples the author analyzes four aspects that influence the differences between China and western countries on China news reporting： first， the political reason； second， the economical reason； third， the cultural reason； fourth， the historical reason.
3.1 The Political Reasons
In China， there is a saying goes that do not wash your dirty linen in public. So most propaganda departments prefer to report the inspiring aspect of an accident rather than show its ugly aspect of an accident to the open world. However， in most western countries they have a hostile attitude toward China. In their report， they try to reveal the most disadvantaged factor of an accident so as to fulfill their political needs and make great achievements in both the military and political spheres in world affairs.
3.2 The Economic Reasons
In USA， the mass media are private station. They are competing with each other. In order to gain more benefits from their report， they often try their best to figure out some explosive news especially about China （since China becomes more and more concerned by people all over the world） to attract more readers and buyers. While in China， most of the newsagents are supported by the government both financially and politically.
3.3 The Historical Reasons The author found that the American media described a weak and frail Chinese image. The Chinese government is incapable of relieving. Our country is short of resources， especially the coal. The transportation infrastructure is so weak that it can not afford the large disaster. The economy also has some problems. In conclusion， it is a negative Chinese image. To Chinese media， however， they paid more attention to the snow storm itself， and reported the relief works and the restored situation so that it gave a positive and an optimistic Chinese image.
4. Conclusion
Different cultures employ different ways of reporting news. What we consider as effective to an event seem quite the opposite to someone from another culture. As a result， to be an effective reporter， one should recognize and accept the differences， respect the opponent’s culture， and understand how culture shapes the goals and strategic preferences in three stages of news reporting. It is crucial to resolve such cultural conflicts and help different countries to better understand each other. In doing so， conflicts may be reduced to the least， or even be eliminated.
Therefore， in the actual process of deepening understanding of cultural differences，in communication process to maintain awareness of the issue， use of various communication skills， and continuing to resolve differences，it will continuously promote news reporting smoothly.
References：
[1]褚蕾.国外媒体异地新闻报道之倾向的及物性、预设和情态分析—以路透社为例[D].对外经济贸易大学，2007.
[2]段静.Critical Discourse Analysis of Western Political News Discourses[D].广西大学，2005.
[3]李黎.A Contrastive Analysis of Modality Orientations in English and Chinese Political News Reports[D].东北师范大学，2009.
【关键词】灾难 新闻 不同 解决方法 冲突
1. Introduction
In the international mass communication， the reports on China in other countries’ news media especially those in the western countries are not always “satisfactory” or “optimistic”. The two major frequently occurred topics in their news reports are： human rights abuses， and China’s threats towards the world security. In the American newspapers， China is portrayed as having various kinds of problems （Qu Zhen， 2005）.
So the negative reports on China account for a large percentage of their news coverage which has severely ruined China’s image and reputation in the world， and has also damaged the harmonious and friendly diplomatic relationship between China and other countries. All these factors will further influence China’s position in the international community and hinder its future domestic development. （Wu Yuzhen，2005）
In this essay the author will try to analyze how the culture differences influence the way people report events between China and western countries. Besides， the author wants to share you with some solutions to solve this conflicts caused by culture difference. In this paper you can see four aspects that cause the differences of news reporting.
2. Comparison of Samples in Different Countries
Recent years， the whole world， as well as China， suffered many disastrous events， such as SARS， earthquakes， tsunami， the gun attack and mine disasters etc. These events bring people sorrow， anxiety and panic. They have also exerted serious effect on China and the whole world.
The following news will be picked up from the Chinese media and the American media.
2.1 News about the Jiaoji Railway Crash
①The Chinese news：
胡锦涛、温家宝就胶济铁路重大事故作出重要批示 张德江赶赴现场指导救援善后工作
新华社北京4月28日电 28日凌晨，胶济铁路发生一起客车脱线相撞重大事故。事故发生后，党中央、国务院高度重视，中共中央总书记胡锦涛、国务院总理温家宝分别作出重要批示，并指派中共中央政治局委员、国务院副总理张德江立即赶赴现场，指导救援善后工作。目前，张德江一行已抵达事故现场开展工作。
淄博境内胶济线列车相撞 受伤旅客得到全力救治
人民网淄博视窗电 （记者查晓东 吴芬 刘春军 摄影报道）
旅客生命大如天。事故发生后，中国铁道部和山东省委、省政府迅速启动紧急预案。铁道部部长刘志军、山东省委书记姜异康、省长姜大明，以及淄博市委市政府的主要领导同志等迅速赶赴事故现场指挥调度，对事故进行处理，尽全力把事故损失压低到最低限度；胡锦涛总书记、温家宝总理闻讯后作出紧急批示，张德江副总理迅速赶到事故现场，对事故的善后处理提出了更高的要求。中央、省、市领导同志要求附近医院将全部医护人员动员起来，紧急救治受伤旅客，绝不让一位受伤旅客因时间耽搁而失去生命。
②The USA news：
Train collision kills dozens in China BEIJING — A predawn collision between two passenger trains in Eastern China on Monday has killed at least 66 people and injured 247， according to Xinhua， the state news agency， making it one of the deadliest rail accidents in recent years. The two trains， one heading from Beijing to Qingdao and the other traveling between Yantai and Xuzhou， collided at 4：40 a.m. in the town of Zibo， Shandong Province.
Witnesses said one train derailed at a bend and then struck the other， throwing at least ten cars into a ditch. Wire reports quoted a rail official saying that a new timetable introduced on Monday might have contributed to the crash.
China has one of the world’s most heavily used rail systems. In recent years， at least $100 billion has been spent on improvements and expanded service. Reached by phone on Monday morning， hospital officials in Zibo said the injured began arriving around 5 a.m. with about 100 ambulances ferrying the injured to local hospitals. （This is from New York Times）
Comparison of the two pieces of news
Similarities：
Both of the two pieces of news report the accident that happened in China. Both news media in two countries’ were concerned about the crash.
Differences：
American media explored not only the crash itself but also the crash impact. What they described about is severer than the Chinese media did. They quoted not only the named authorities but also much more unnamed authorities and critics. Especially， there are a lot of common people’s words. But the Chinese focalizes on the crash relief works， and quoted a mass of named authorities. What the government did is stressed. The positive reports to encourage the people and the relief works are much more than the negative ones.
2.2 News about Sanlu Milk
①The Chinese news：
卫生部要求各地开通“问题奶粉”咨询热线12320引导群众正确就医
新华网北京9月2.日电（记者吴晶）卫生部20日发出紧急通知，要求没有开通婴幼儿奶粉事件健康咨询热线12320的省份，应在最短时间内开通，并及时告知公众。
为及时解答公众的健康咨询和医疗救治等问题，科学地进行解疑释惑，及时引导群众正确就医，卫生部将北京市和上海市公共卫生公益电话12320设置为服务于全国的婴幼儿奶粉健康咨询热线电话。
据了解，目前，全国已有8个省（市）开通了12320电话服务。卫生部在通知中要求，已开通12320的省份，要按照全国12320管理中心制定的《三鹿牌婴幼儿奶粉事件公众咨询指南》，结合本地实际情况，增强接听能力，解答公众咨询，引导群众正确就医。没有开通12320的，应向社会公布其他热线电话，组织专家和相关人员回答公众咨询，满足本地群众对于婴幼儿奶粉事件的健康咨询需求。
②The USA news：
Tainted milk formula poisons Chinese babies： This is not the first time the safety of Chinese products has been called into question. Consumer confidence was badly dented after recent cases involving tainted toothpaste and pet food. （This is from CNN.） Chinese Baby Formula Scandal Widens as 2nd Death Is Announced： It seems likely that contaminated formula had been distributed for several months.
The two deaths attributed to the bad formula， both in Gansu， occurred long before the scandal became public. One was a 5-month-old boy who died on May 1； the other was an 8-month-old girl who died on July 22， according to the Health Ministry.
Chinese regulators responded last year with a high-profile crackdown and banned such uses of melamine. Regulators expressed outrage about the latest problems， but did not clarify why it took so long to uncover. （This is from New York Times）
Comparison of the two pieces of news
Similarities：
These two pieces of news report are related to the Sanlu milk. Both of them tell people the evolvement of the incident.
Differences：
The Chinese new is about the solution of the contaminated milk. The newly built phone line 12320 in eight provinces that give the people a positive impression. The American news is about the consequences caused by the Sanlu milk. It concerns more about the death and the victims.
3. Cases Analysis
From the above samples the author analyzes four aspects that influence the differences between China and western countries on China news reporting： first， the political reason； second， the economical reason； third， the cultural reason； fourth， the historical reason.
3.1 The Political Reasons
In China， there is a saying goes that do not wash your dirty linen in public. So most propaganda departments prefer to report the inspiring aspect of an accident rather than show its ugly aspect of an accident to the open world. However， in most western countries they have a hostile attitude toward China. In their report， they try to reveal the most disadvantaged factor of an accident so as to fulfill their political needs and make great achievements in both the military and political spheres in world affairs.
3.2 The Economic Reasons
In USA， the mass media are private station. They are competing with each other. In order to gain more benefits from their report， they often try their best to figure out some explosive news especially about China （since China becomes more and more concerned by people all over the world） to attract more readers and buyers. While in China， most of the newsagents are supported by the government both financially and politically.
3.3 The Historical Reasons The author found that the American media described a weak and frail Chinese image. The Chinese government is incapable of relieving. Our country is short of resources， especially the coal. The transportation infrastructure is so weak that it can not afford the large disaster. The economy also has some problems. In conclusion， it is a negative Chinese image. To Chinese media， however， they paid more attention to the snow storm itself， and reported the relief works and the restored situation so that it gave a positive and an optimistic Chinese image.
4. Conclusion
Different cultures employ different ways of reporting news. What we consider as effective to an event seem quite the opposite to someone from another culture. As a result， to be an effective reporter， one should recognize and accept the differences， respect the opponent’s culture， and understand how culture shapes the goals and strategic preferences in three stages of news reporting. It is crucial to resolve such cultural conflicts and help different countries to better understand each other. In doing so， conflicts may be reduced to the least， or even be eliminated.
Therefore， in the actual process of deepening understanding of cultural differences，in communication process to maintain awareness of the issue， use of various communication skills， and continuing to resolve differences，it will continuously promote news reporting smoothly.
References：
[1]褚蕾.国外媒体异地新闻报道之倾向的及物性、预设和情态分析—以路透社为例[D].对外经济贸易大学，2007.
[2]段静.Critical Discourse Analysis of Western Political News Discourses[D].广西大学，2005.
[3]李黎.A Contrastive Analysis of Modality Orientations in English and Chinese Political News Reports[D].东北师范大学，2009.