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得阅读理解者得天下。高考英语阅读理解部分考查的重点之一是考生对于文章细节信息的捕捉、理解和分析能力。阅读理解中细节理解题是高考英语试题每年都要涉及的题型，也是学生常出错的地方。近几年在高考英语阅读理解试题中，细节理解题呈增多趋势。2010年江苏高考阅读理解中，细节理解占5题；而2011高考试题中，细节理解占11题之多。下面我们探讨阅读理解题中细节题的命题特点，并结合近几年江苏高考部分试题，探究其解题技巧。
一、阅读理解细节题命题规律
此题目要求考生根据短文中提供的直接信息选择正确答案, 一般在通读短文后，能够读懂文章的内容，包括主要事实及各个细节，并可以直接找出答题依据，难度较小，属浅层理解题目。
细节理解题是针对文中某个细节、某句话或某部分具体内容设置问题，正确答案的根据一定可以在原文中找到，即原文的改写往往成为正确选项。选项也并非与文章完全对应，而是换一种表达方式，选项分成两类：本身意义成立与不成立。前者答非所问、文不对题、超出范围；后者体现为偷换概念、张冠李戴、细节含糊。
细节理解题的正确选项通常具有语言简化、关键词被替换、正话反说等特征。语言简化，体现在把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化，变成选项，并成为正确答案。关键词替换，把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词，成为正确选项。正话反说体现在把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。
二、部分江苏高考阅读理解细节题解题分析
1.关键词搜寻法
2011江苏卷A篇中57题题干为Professor Joan McLean’s course aims to _________，在通读全文后，锁定关键词Joan McLean，在Joan Mclean think so. In fact, Mclean, a professor of physics at Mountain University in Range, feels so strongly about this matter that she’s developed a course on the topic. In addition to learning “who”invented“what”, however, Mclean also likes her students to learn the answers to the “why” and “how” questions. According to Mclean, “When students learn the answers to these questions, they are better prepared to recognize opportunities for inventing and more motivated to.”中有3个McLean，同时选项D“prepare students to try their own invention”是文章内容“give inventing a try”的替换。
2011江苏卷D篇68题题干The smallest boy threw the ball high and far over the third baseman’s head, probably because that boy _________. 锁定关键词为the third baseman，并定位到第七段By the time Shay rounded towards second base, the smallest guy on their team, who had a chance to be the hero for his team for the first time, could have thrown the ball to the second baseman, but he understood the pitcher’s intentions and he too intentionally threw the ball high and far over the third baseman’s head. 他明白pitcher的意图并且帮助了Shay的成功。可见答案“was obviously aware of the pitcher’s purpose”正确。
2009江苏卷D篇67题题干The layer of soil that provides necessary nutrients for plant growth is called _________. 其中关键词为“nutrients”及“layer”,在The topsoil layer is made up of small particles of rock mixed with rotten plant and animal matter called humus (腐殖质), which is black and gives the topsoil its dark color. This layer is usually rich in nutrients,oxygen,and water．中，可以直接找到答案，可知应该选择“topsoil”。
2.关键词同义替换法
2011江苏卷B篇中，60题题干为Which of the following is discouraged by the Friends organization? 其中关键词为discouraged，故在We keep an eye on planning applications, Park Authority policies and threats to the National Park such as massive leisure complexes. We work with likeminded organizations such as the Campaign for National Parks to make our voice more effective.段中，threats与其同义，这一组织不赞成建大量的休闲娱乐设施，应选择答案“To build massive complexes for public amusement.”。
2010江苏卷D篇第68题题干为the greatest challenge to the new highspeed railway plan is _________．中“the greatest challenge”与But the key issue is really money．China is already spending hundreds of billions of yuan on domestic railway expansion．中的“the key issue”同义，可以知道“financial problems”，答案本身也是与“money”一样的意思。
2009江苏卷A篇第56题题干为While watching TV with others, women usually talk a lot because they _________.中“watching TV”与Besides, women consider that the point of all getting together is to have a good time and develop relationships—not just to sit there like couch potatoes staring at the screen.中的“staring at the screen”同义，故可以得出答案“think they can have a good time and develop relationships”。
3. 关键词词性变化法
2011江苏卷C篇第63题题干为The Hywind project uses totally new technology to ensure the stability of _________. 关键词为stability，在The steel spar, which is filled with stones and goes 328 feet below the sea surface, will be tied to the ocean floor by three cable (缆索)；these will keep the spar stable and prevent the turbine from moving up and down in the waves.中，发现stability的形容词stable，段落大意就是“新技术的使用是为了确保spar的稳定性”，可知选“the spar which is floating in deepsea water”。
4. 关键词排除法
选出文中未提及的选项远比选出与文章意思吻合的选项难度大，这要求在文章中仔细寻找并排除信息，方可以得出答案，考查选项跨度很大。
2010江苏卷B篇中第60题题干为According to the passage，some people in North America favor killing wolves for all the following reasons EXCET that _________．要求选择一个错误的答案，这就要求先把符合文章的正确的选项给确定下来，最后得出不符合文章细节的正确答案。A项“there are too many wolves”与However, laws were established to protect the wolves from sportsmen and people who catch the animals for their fur．So the wolf population has greatly increased. Now there are so many wolves that they are destroying their own food supply．意思吻合；B项“they kill large numbers of deer”与If the wolves continue to kill large numbers of deer，their prey(猎物)will disappear some day．And the wolves will, too．意思吻合。C项“they attack cows and chickens for food”与In another northern state，wolves attack cows and chickens for food．意思吻合。D项未提到，故选D项“they destroy the wilderness plant life”。
5. 信息整合法
2009江苏卷B篇中第60题题干为According to the passage，the little girl got_________from her brother．其实关键词为“brother”以及“got”，在But I struggled with my jacket because it didn’t fit well. It was a handmedown from my brother,中知道“jacket”；在I said，“They are my brother’s boots．My mother makes me wear them，and I hate them!”中知道“boots”。可知选择B项“the jacket and the boots”。
三、探究高考细节理解题的解题技巧
细节理解题一般属于浅层理解题，难度较低，答案明确具体，解答这类试题时，可用两种方法来快速确定答案。
(一) 关键词法。我们在分析高考题细节题部分，大都采用此法。抓住文章大意，迅速浏览考题，选定关键词，带关键词，快速阅读材料。可使用关键词法、关键词同义词法、关键词词性变化法等，来分析信息的有效性，迅速查找相关信息。
(二) 寻读法。先读题，然后带着问题快速阅读短文，找出与问题有关的词语或句子，再对相关部分进行分析对比，找出答案。
另外，要提高阅读理解的解题速度和解题正确率，具体从四个步骤来展开：
1．通读全文，把握文章大意。拿到阅读篇章，第一步就是要求通读全文，了解文章的脉络结构。
2．细读题干，查寻转换内容。把握文章大意后，集中注意力到文章题目上来，提炼出题干内容中最能够说明问题的词、词组或者句型，然后在这个基础上从文章中找出同义词、词组或者句型，这一遍要带着目的读文章，必须是字斟句酌、非常仔细。
3．扫读语块，搜索有效信息。在文章中找到了与题干吻合的单词、词组或者句型的基础上，在吻合单词、词组或者句型周围扫描，力争找到能够说明问题，帮助选择正确答案的信息。
4．查读选项，定位正确答案。在搜索到有效信息的基础上，找出正确答案。
（作者：赵长江，江苏灌南华侨双语学校;徐红，无锡辅仁高级中学）
一、阅读理解细节题命题规律
此题目要求考生根据短文中提供的直接信息选择正确答案, 一般在通读短文后，能够读懂文章的内容，包括主要事实及各个细节，并可以直接找出答题依据，难度较小，属浅层理解题目。
细节理解题是针对文中某个细节、某句话或某部分具体内容设置问题，正确答案的根据一定可以在原文中找到，即原文的改写往往成为正确选项。选项也并非与文章完全对应，而是换一种表达方式，选项分成两类：本身意义成立与不成立。前者答非所问、文不对题、超出范围；后者体现为偷换概念、张冠李戴、细节含糊。
细节理解题的正确选项通常具有语言简化、关键词被替换、正话反说等特征。语言简化，体现在把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化，变成选项，并成为正确答案。关键词替换，把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词，成为正确选项。正话反说体现在把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。
二、部分江苏高考阅读理解细节题解题分析
1.关键词搜寻法
2011江苏卷A篇中57题题干为Professor Joan McLean’s course aims to _________，在通读全文后，锁定关键词Joan McLean，在Joan Mclean think so. In fact, Mclean, a professor of physics at Mountain University in Range, feels so strongly about this matter that she’s developed a course on the topic. In addition to learning “who”invented“what”, however, Mclean also likes her students to learn the answers to the “why” and “how” questions. According to Mclean, “When students learn the answers to these questions, they are better prepared to recognize opportunities for inventing and more motivated to.”中有3个McLean，同时选项D“prepare students to try their own invention”是文章内容“give inventing a try”的替换。
2011江苏卷D篇68题题干The smallest boy threw the ball high and far over the third baseman’s head, probably because that boy _________. 锁定关键词为the third baseman，并定位到第七段By the time Shay rounded towards second base, the smallest guy on their team, who had a chance to be the hero for his team for the first time, could have thrown the ball to the second baseman, but he understood the pitcher’s intentions and he too intentionally threw the ball high and far over the third baseman’s head. 他明白pitcher的意图并且帮助了Shay的成功。可见答案“was obviously aware of the pitcher’s purpose”正确。
2009江苏卷D篇67题题干The layer of soil that provides necessary nutrients for plant growth is called _________. 其中关键词为“nutrients”及“layer”,在The topsoil layer is made up of small particles of rock mixed with rotten plant and animal matter called humus (腐殖质), which is black and gives the topsoil its dark color. This layer is usually rich in nutrients,oxygen,and water．中，可以直接找到答案，可知应该选择“topsoil”。
2.关键词同义替换法
2011江苏卷B篇中，60题题干为Which of the following is discouraged by the Friends organization? 其中关键词为discouraged，故在We keep an eye on planning applications, Park Authority policies and threats to the National Park such as massive leisure complexes. We work with likeminded organizations such as the Campaign for National Parks to make our voice more effective.段中，threats与其同义，这一组织不赞成建大量的休闲娱乐设施，应选择答案“To build massive complexes for public amusement.”。
2010江苏卷D篇第68题题干为the greatest challenge to the new highspeed railway plan is _________．中“the greatest challenge”与But the key issue is really money．China is already spending hundreds of billions of yuan on domestic railway expansion．中的“the key issue”同义，可以知道“financial problems”，答案本身也是与“money”一样的意思。
2009江苏卷A篇第56题题干为While watching TV with others, women usually talk a lot because they _________.中“watching TV”与Besides, women consider that the point of all getting together is to have a good time and develop relationships—not just to sit there like couch potatoes staring at the screen.中的“staring at the screen”同义，故可以得出答案“think they can have a good time and develop relationships”。
3. 关键词词性变化法
2011江苏卷C篇第63题题干为The Hywind project uses totally new technology to ensure the stability of _________. 关键词为stability，在The steel spar, which is filled with stones and goes 328 feet below the sea surface, will be tied to the ocean floor by three cable (缆索)；these will keep the spar stable and prevent the turbine from moving up and down in the waves.中，发现stability的形容词stable，段落大意就是“新技术的使用是为了确保spar的稳定性”，可知选“the spar which is floating in deepsea water”。
4. 关键词排除法
选出文中未提及的选项远比选出与文章意思吻合的选项难度大，这要求在文章中仔细寻找并排除信息，方可以得出答案，考查选项跨度很大。
2010江苏卷B篇中第60题题干为According to the passage，some people in North America favor killing wolves for all the following reasons EXCET that _________．要求选择一个错误的答案，这就要求先把符合文章的正确的选项给确定下来，最后得出不符合文章细节的正确答案。A项“there are too many wolves”与However, laws were established to protect the wolves from sportsmen and people who catch the animals for their fur．So the wolf population has greatly increased. Now there are so many wolves that they are destroying their own food supply．意思吻合；B项“they kill large numbers of deer”与If the wolves continue to kill large numbers of deer，their prey(猎物)will disappear some day．And the wolves will, too．意思吻合。C项“they attack cows and chickens for food”与In another northern state，wolves attack cows and chickens for food．意思吻合。D项未提到，故选D项“they destroy the wilderness plant life”。
5. 信息整合法
2009江苏卷B篇中第60题题干为According to the passage，the little girl got_________from her brother．其实关键词为“brother”以及“got”，在But I struggled with my jacket because it didn’t fit well. It was a handmedown from my brother,中知道“jacket”；在I said，“They are my brother’s boots．My mother makes me wear them，and I hate them!”中知道“boots”。可知选择B项“the jacket and the boots”。
三、探究高考细节理解题的解题技巧
细节理解题一般属于浅层理解题，难度较低，答案明确具体，解答这类试题时，可用两种方法来快速确定答案。
(一) 关键词法。我们在分析高考题细节题部分，大都采用此法。抓住文章大意，迅速浏览考题，选定关键词，带关键词，快速阅读材料。可使用关键词法、关键词同义词法、关键词词性变化法等，来分析信息的有效性，迅速查找相关信息。
(二) 寻读法。先读题，然后带着问题快速阅读短文，找出与问题有关的词语或句子，再对相关部分进行分析对比，找出答案。
另外，要提高阅读理解的解题速度和解题正确率，具体从四个步骤来展开：
1．通读全文，把握文章大意。拿到阅读篇章，第一步就是要求通读全文，了解文章的脉络结构。
2．细读题干，查寻转换内容。把握文章大意后，集中注意力到文章题目上来，提炼出题干内容中最能够说明问题的词、词组或者句型，然后在这个基础上从文章中找出同义词、词组或者句型，这一遍要带着目的读文章，必须是字斟句酌、非常仔细。
3．扫读语块，搜索有效信息。在文章中找到了与题干吻合的单词、词组或者句型的基础上，在吻合单词、词组或者句型周围扫描，力争找到能够说明问题，帮助选择正确答案的信息。
4．查读选项，定位正确答案。在搜索到有效信息的基础上，找出正确答案。
（作者：赵长江，江苏灌南华侨双语学校;徐红，无锡辅仁高级中学）