1Institute of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Yudao St., Nanjing 210016, China.
　　*Corresponding author.
　　Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(51176074).
　　Received 30 November 2011; accepted 11 January 2012
　　Abstract
　　Film condensation heat transfer has wide applications in a variety of industrial systems. A number of film condensation heat transfer correlations (FCHTCs) have been proposed. However, their predictions are often inconsistent. This paper presents a comparative study of existing FCHTCs. Totally 1214 experimental data points are obtained from 10 published papers, and 14 FCHTCs are reviewed, among which four correlations are used for
　　horizontal flow outside smooth tubes, three for flow on vertical surfaces of plates or tubes, two for flow inside smooth tubes either vertically or horizontally, and five for horizontal flow inside smooth tubes. 13 FCHTCs are compared with the experimental data. There are three FCHTCs for horizontal flow inside smooth tubes having a mean absolute relative deviation (MARD) less than 26%, among which the best one has an MARD of 22.2%. More efforts should be made to develop better correlations.
　　Key words: Correlation; Heat transfer; Film; Condensation
　　INTRODUCTION
　　Film condensation heat transfer (FCHT) in tubes occurs in many industrial applications, including refrigeration, air conditioning, electric power generation, marine propulsion, as well as chemical process industries. There are a large number of papers (Singh et al.,2009; Fujii, 1995; Cavallini et al., 2003; Park et al., 2011; Matkovic et al., 2009; Jung et al., 2003; Sapali & Patil, 2010; Suliman et al., 2009; Laohalertdecha & Wongwises, 2010; Dalkilic et al., 2009; Aprea et al., 2003; Park et al., 2008; Wen et al., 2006; Park et al., 2011; Pega & Hrnjak, 2009) investigating the influence of condensation film on condensation heat transfer in tubes. When condensation occurs on horizontal and short vertical plates, condensate film motion is generally laminar. On vertical tubes and long vertical plates, film motion can become turbulent. Grober et al. (1961) suggested that a Reynolds number of 1600 could be used as the critical point at which the flow pattern changes from laminar to turbulent. In practice, condensation is usually laminar in shell-and-tube condensers with the vapor outside the horizontal tubes.
　　There are many papers which investigated experimentally the FCHT characteristics as the function of mass flux, heat flux, saturation temperature and tube diameter.
　　Laohalertdecha and Wongwises (2010) studied the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) of R-134a inside a horizontal smooth tube and corrugated tubes with the inner diameter of 8.7 mm, outer diameter of 9.52 mm, and test section length of 2000 mm. The measured parameter ranges are the saturation temperatures of 40, 45, and 50℃respectively, heat fluxes of 5 and 10 kW/m2 respectively, vapor quality of 0.1–0.9, and mass fluxes ranging from 200 to 700 kg/m2s. The corrugation pitches are 5.08, 6.35, and 8.46 mm, respectively. The corrugation depth of all corrugated tubes is fixed at 1.5 mm. The results revealed that the average HTC increased with increasing mass flux and average quality. The ratio of the convective HTC of the smooth tube to that of the corrugated tube varied from 0.67 to 0.91 under the same average quality. The average condensation HTC in corrugated tubes was higher than that in the smooth tube at the same average quality.
　　Dalkilic et al. (2009) studied the two-phase HTC of pure HFC-134a condensing inside a smooth tube-in-tube heat exchanger. The inner tube is constructed from smooth copper tubing of 9.52 mm outer diameter, 8.1 mm inner diameter and 0.5 m length. The data ranges are average saturation condensing temperatures of 40–50 °C, the mass fluxes of 260 and 515 kg/m2s, vapor quality of 0.7–0.95, and the heat fluxes of 11.3 and 55.3 kW/m2, respectively. The result was that the average HTC of R134a decreased with decreasing mass flux and increasing condensation temperature and increased with increasing average quality.
　　Aprea et al. (2003) studied the local HTC of R22 and R407C in the coaxial counter-flow condenser of a refrigerating vapor compression plant of 22 mm outer diameter, 20 mm inner diameter and 6.6 m length. The experimental parameter ranges are saturation temperatures of 36.6–39.6 °C, the mass fluxes of 45.5–120kg/m2s, vapor quality of 0–0.9, pressure of 15.2–14.3 bar and the heat fluxes of 5.6–38.0 kW/m2. They believed that the HTC of R22 was always greater than that of R407C and the difference ranges from 7 to 30%. The HTC depended on the vapor quality strongly when the mass fluxes were high.
　　Park et al. (2008) discussed flow condensation HTCs of R22, propylene, propane, DME and isobutane on a horizontal plain copper tube of 8.8 mm inner diameter and 530 mm length. The data ranges are saturation temperature of 40 ± 0.2℃, mass fluxes of 100, 200, and 300 kg/m2s, heat fluxes of 7.3–7.7 kW/m2 and vapor quality of 0.09–0.91. Test results showed that some wellknown correlations developed based on conventional fluorocarbon refrigerants predicted the present data within a mean deviation of 33%. The flow condensation HTCs for propylene, propane, DME and isobutane were about 46.8%, 53.3%, 93.5% and 61.6% larger as compared with that for R22 for a given mass flux, respectively.
　　Wen et al. (2006) investigated heat transfer behavior during condensation of R-600, R-600/R-290 (50wt.%/50wt.%) and R-290 in the three-line serpentine smalldiameter tube bank of 3.18 mm outer diameter, 2.46 mm inner diameter and 3.85 m length. The measured parameter ranges are heat flux of 5.2 kW/m2, mass fluxes of 205–510 kg/m2s, saturation temperatures of 40℃, and vapor quality of 0.15–0.84. They found that Dobson and Chato (1998) correlation had the best predictability with an average standard deviation of 12.8%. The HTCs of R-134a were lower than those of R-600, R-290/R-600 and R-290 by 155%, 124% and 89% at the same conditions.
　　Park et al. (2011) studied the experimental condensation heat transfer data for the new refrigerant R1234ze(E), trans-1,3,3,3-tetraflu-oropropene, and compared with refrigerants R134a and R236fa for a vertically aligned, aluminum multi-port tube of 1.45 mm hydraulic diameter and 260 mm length. The experimental data ranges are vapor quality of 0.0–1.0, mass fluxes of 50–260 kg/m2s, saturation temperature of 25–70℃, and heat fluxes of 1–62 kW/m2. It was found that in general, some correlations under-predicted the low Nusselt number data and over-predicted the high Nusselt number data, but captured the mid-range quite well. The heat transfer performance of R1234ze (E) was relatively similar to R236fa but about 15–25% lower than that of R134a.
　　Cavallini et al. (2001) researched experimentally condensation HTCs inside a smooth tube of 8 mm inner diameter, 12mm outer diameter, and 1000 mm length with pure HFC refrigerants (R134a, R125, R236ea, R32) and the nearly azeotropic HFC refrigerant blend R410A. The experimental parameter ranges are saturation temperature of 30–50℃, mass fluxes of 100–750 kg/m2s, vapor quality of 0.15–0.85, and heat fluxes of 4.21–93.1 kW/m2. They found that the heat transfer performance of R125 which was enhanced by the good thermal properties of R32 was lower than that of R410A, and that high pressure refrigerants performed worse than low and mid-pressure refrigerants.
　　June et al. (1999) investigated the HTCs of a plain tube and low fin tube of 15.9 mm outer diameter for the low pressure refrigerants CFC11 and HCFC123 and for the medium pressure refrigerants CFC12 and HFC134a. The nominal outside diameter, fin height and fins of the fin tube are 18.9 mm, 1.214 mm and 1024/m, respectively. They found that the HTCs of HFC123, an alternative for CFC11, were 8.2–19.2% lower than those of CFC11 for all the tubes tested, and the HTCs of HFC134a, an alternative for CFC12, were 0.0–31.8% higher than those of CFC12 for all the tubes tested.
　　Belghazi et al. (2001) studied the condensation of pure HFC134a and different zeotropic mixtures with pure HFC134a and HFC23 on the outside of a bundle of smooth tubes of 14.2 mm and 16.8 mm inner diameter and outer diameter. The experimental date ranges are inlet vapor temperature of 40℃, heat fluxes of 5–30 kW/m2 and the cooling water flow rate of 120–300 l/h.
　　Park and Hrnjak (2009) discussed CO2 flow condensation HTCs for micro channels of 0.89 mm inner diameter and 500 mm length at horizontal flow conditions. The parameter ranges are saturation temperatures of –15 and –25℃, mass fluxes of 200–800 kg/m2s, wall subcooling temperatures of 2–4℃, vapor quality of 0.085–0.91, and heat fluxes of 6.17–28.7 kW/m2. They found that measured HTCs increased with the increase of mass fluxes and vapor qualities, whereas they were almost independent of wall sub-cooling temperature changes. They compared the experimental results with the correlations given by Akers et al. (1959), Soliman et al. (1968), Traviss et al.(1973), Jaster and Kosky (1976), Shah (1979), Chen et al.(1987), Dobson and Chato (1998), Cavallini et al. (2003), Koyama et al. (2003), and Thome et al. (2003), and found that the Akers et al. (1959) correlation showed acceptable predictions for the mass fluxes from 400 to 800 kg/m2s, and that the Akers et al. (1959) and Thome et al. (2003) correlations had the MARD less than 20%.
　　Laohalertdecha and Wongwises (2010) compared the experimental data for smooth tube with the correlations proposed by Aker et al. (1959), Traviss et al. (1973), Cavallini and Zechin (1974), Chen et al. (1987), Dobson and Chato (1998), Nualboonrueng et al. (2003), and Bassi and Bansal (2003). They found that almost all the correlations could give an agreement with the their data to be within 30%.
　　Dalkilic et al. (2009) compared the experimental HTCs with various annular flow correlations, such as Akers and Rosson (1960), Chato (1961), Traviss et al.(1973), Cavallini et al. (1974), Shah (1979), Bivens and Yokozeki (1994), Tandon et al. (1995), Dobson and Chato(1998), Sweeney (1998), Tang et al. (2000), and Fujii(2009). They found that the correlations of Cavallini et al.(1974), Dobson and Chato (1998), and Fujii (2009) had the best predictability, that the Chato (1961) correlation, the Bivens and Yokozeki (1994) correlation, and the Sweeny (1998) correlation had poor predictions, and that the correlation s of Traviss et al. (1972), Shah (1979), and Tang et al. (2000) had a mean deviation within ±30% for the majority of the data. The Akers and Rosson (1960) correlation and Tandon et al. (1995) correlation were incompatible with the experimental data.
　　Park et al. (2008) compared their experimental data against some of the well-known correlations by Akers et al. (1959), Soliman et al. (1968), Traviss et al. (1973), Cavallini and Zecchin (1974), Shah (1979), Dobson and Chato (1998), and Jung et al. (2003). They found that all correlations predicted the data reasonably well within an error range of 30%. Especially, the correlation by Jung et al. (2003) predicted both fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon refrigerants and DME data within 12%.
　　Park et al. (2011) compared the experimental results with the macro-scale annular flow method of Thome et al. (2003), the micro-channel heat transfer correlations of Moser et al. (1998), Koyama et al. (2003), Bandhauer et al. (2006), and Cavallini et al. (2006), and the falling film flow method of Nusselt theory. They found that the Bandhauer (2006) and Koyama et al. (2003) methods showed the most compact distribution within a narrow range around a single line tilted from the centerline of the comparison. In addition, the Bandhaueret al. (2006) method showed the best results with a MARD of 22.8%.
　　It can be seen from the above brief introduction that comparisons of existing correlations with experimental data made by different authors presented inconsistent results. The experimental data used for their studies were not abundant, which might be the main reason which caused the inconsistence. Therefore, a comprehensive evaluation is necessary. This paper conducts an overall review of the published literature pertaining to FCHTCs and performs an up-to-date survey of the experimental studies. Based on the experimental data obtained from the published literature, a comparative study of the existing correlations is carried out. The method used in this paper is similar to that used by Fang et al. (2011, 2012) and Fang and Xu (2011).
　　1. REVIEW ON FILM CONDENSATION HEAT TRANSFER CORRELATIONS
　　A large number of FCHTCs have been proposed to predict the heat transfer of pure substances and mixture condensing in or on horizontal and vertical tubes, or on vertical plates. Here, 14 FCHTCs are obtained through literature review, as listed in the following. In general, they were proposed and developed primarily depended on the author’s own experimental data.
　　1.1 Film Condensation Outside Horizontal Tubes 1.1.1 Nusselt (1916) Correlation 1
　　Nusselt (1916) proposed the first theoretical solution for predicting FCHT of single smooth tubes. Waves and an interfacial shear effect between the phases were not considered.
　　Nusselt’s equation for flow outside a smooth horizontal tube is shown as following:
　　.
　　=? (1b)
　　where h′ is the specific enthalpy of refrigerant, (J /kg). 1.1.2 Dhir and Lienhard (1971) Correlation
　　Dhir and Lienhard (1971) proposed an average HTC for laminar film condensation outside single horizontal tube as
　　.
　　1.1.3 Incropera and DeWitt (2002) Correlation
　　Incropera and DeWitt (2002) proposed an average HTC of laminar film condensation on vertically aligned horizontal tube bundles as
　　where N is the number of the tubes of the bundle, and hD is the HTC calculated with Eq. (2).
　　1.1.4 Beatty and Katz (1948) Correlation
　　Beatty and Katz (1948) were the first to develop an analytical model based on the Nusselt analysis for condensation on low-finned tubes. This correlation is acceptable for low-surface-tension fluids and laminar condensate film motion on horizontal low-fin-density tubes.
　　..(4a)
　　where η is the fin efficiency which was assumed to be 1 for the low fin tube, A is the tube surface area at nominal diameter (m2), Ar is the tube surface area at the base of the fins (m2), Af is the fin surface area (m2), Dr is the diameter at fin root (i.e., smooth tube outer diameter), F is a constant accounting for the effect of physical properties, and Lc is the characteristic length.
　　F
　　TT
　　1.2 Flow onVertical Surfaces of Plate or Tube with Large Diameter
　　1.2.1 Nusselt (1916) Correlation 2
　　Nusselt’s theory for condensation can also be used for condensation outside the tubes if the tubes are large in diameter, compared with the film thickness. He assumed a linear temperature profile through a laminar film flowing downwards without entrainment on a vertical tube. According to Nusselt (1916), the HTC correlation used for vertical flow is as the following (0 < Re < 30):
　　.
　　1.2.2 Longo and Gasparella (2007) Correlation
　　For saturated vapor condensation, Longo and Gasparella proposed a FCHTC for vertical laminar motion as
　　h=φhN(6) where hN is evaluated with Eq. (5), and φ is the
　　enlargement factor which equals 1.24 for the plate heat
　　exchanger.
　　1.2.3 McAdams (1954) Correction
　　For turbulent flow, the McAdams (1954) correction factor
　　can be used to consider the effects of the waviness and
　　rippling in the film on the increase in heat transfer.
　　1.3 Internal Flow in Round Tubes
　　1.3.1 Annual Flow with Uniform Film Distribution(Horizontal or Vertical) Jung et al. (2003) condensed many refrigerants such as R12, R22, R32, R123, R125, R134a, and R142b inside a smooth tube, compared the experimental data with various well-known correlations, and proposed a new correlation as the following:
　　.(8d)
　　where A, Q, Rel and Prl are the area of test section (m2), heat transfer rate (W), the Reynolds number evaluated by Eq. (7b), and the Prandtl number, respectively.
　　The Shah (1979) correlation has been compared by researchers commonly for turbulent condensation
　　1.3.2 Horizontal Stratified Wavy Flow
　　1.3.2.1 Akers et al. (1959) Correlation The characteristics of the heat transfer mechanism for forced convection condensation can be explained by the Akers et al. (1959) correlation, presented in Eq. (12), which was developed for annular flow regime.
　　where Relo is Reynolds liquid only number. The value of CT is 1.6 for hydrocarbon and 2.6 for other refrigerants.
　　Chato (1962) developed a detailed analytical model of the heat transfer for gravity-driven film condensation. In Chato’s (1962) analysis the heat transfer through the liquid pool at the bottom of the tube is considered negligible compared to the conduction across the thin film on the upper portion of the tube wall.
　　where Kc is a constant decided for each refrigerant. Chato assumed for Kc in Eq. (12a) the value of 0.76. Dobson and Chato (1998) developed a correlation using a two-phase multiplier for an annular flow regime. They have also provided a correlation for a wavy flow regime. Their correlations are commonly used in the literature for zeotropic refrigerants and suited for flow in both horizontal and vertical tubes. It is recommended for G>500 kg/m2s for all qualities in horizontal tubes.
　　hhh1
　　where the void fraction α can be calculated with the following Jaster and Kosky (1979) equation:
　　where Relo is the vapor only Reynolds number, and Xtt is the Lockhart-Martinelli parameter evaluated with Eq.(8c). The HTC for the top portion of the tube is evaluated with Eq. (12a) by replacing the Kc value given by (13d), and the HTC for the bottom is expressed as
　　.
　　where hl is the HTC for the liquid portion of the flow evaluated by Eq. (8b), hl is determined by Eq. (12a) with a Kc value of 0.1271, and Xtt is calculated with Eq. (8c).
　　2. AVAILABLE EXPERIMENTAL DATA FOR FILM CONDENSATION HEAT TRANSFER
　　The 1214 experimental data of FCHT are collected from 10 papers and showed in Table 1. All data are presented graphically in the source papers.
　　densation
　　3. COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE EXISTING CORRELATIONS AGAINST THE EXPERIMENTAL DATA
　　Table 2
　　Comparison Between Experimental Data and Correlation Predictions for Horizontal Flow Outside Smooth Tube
　　The 1214 experimental data as indicated in Table 1 are used for the comparative study of the 14 HTCs as described above, and the results are listed in Table 2 for horizontal flow outside smooth tubes, Table 3 for flow on vertical surfaces of plates or tubes and Table 4 for horizontal flow inside smooth tubes, respectively, where the MRD is the mean relative deviation and the MARD is
　　where ycal is the calculated value, yexp is the experimental value, and N is the number of the data points.
　　The Incropera and DeWitt (2002) correlation is not included because there are no available data in the literature listed in Table 1.
　　Table 3
　　Comparison Between Experimental Data and Correlation Predictions for Flow on Vertical Surfaces of Plate or Tube
　　CONCLUSIONS
　　(1) The 1214 data points of film condensation heat transfer (FCHT) are obtained from 10 published papers and 14 FCHTCs are reviewed, including 4 for horizontal flow outside smooth tubes, 3 for flow on vertical surfaces of plates or tubes, 2 for flow inside smooth tubes either vertically or horizontally, and 5 for horizontal flow inside smooth tubes.
　　(2) All the 14 FCHTCs except one are compared with the experimental data. The comparisons show that the Dhir and Lienhard (1971) correlation and the Nusselt(1916) 1 correlation have the is the best predictability of experimental data for horizontal flow outside smooth tubes, that the Jung et al. (2003) correlation has the best predictability of experimental data for flow on vertical surfaces of plates or tubes with limited applications, and that the correlations of Cavallini et al. (2006), Shah (1979), and Akers et al. (1959) are best for horizontal flow inside smooth tubes.
　　(3) For horizontal flow inside smooth tubes, Cavallini et al. (2006) has highest accuracy with the best one, with an MRD of –6.6% and an MARD of 22.2%. More efforts need to be made to develop better correlations.
　　ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
　　This study is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (51176074). The experimental data from the sources listed in Table 1 were used for this study.
　　REFERENCES
　　[1] Akers, W. W., Deans, H. A., & Crosser, O. K. (1959). Condensing Heat Transfer Within Horizontal Tubes. Chemical Engineering Progress Symposium Series, 55, 171–176.
　　[2] Akers, W. W., & Rosson, H. F. (1960). Condensation Inside a Horizontal Tube. Chemical Engineering Progress Symposium Series, 50, 145–149.
　　[3] Aprea, C., Greco, A., & Vanoli, G. P. (2003). Condensation Heat Transfer Coefficients for R22 and R407C in Gravity Driven Flow Regime Within a Smooth Horizontal Tube. Int. J. Refrigeration, 26,393–401.
　　[4] Bandhauer, T. M. (2006). Measurement and Modeling of Condensation Heat Transfer Coefficients in Circular Microchannels. J. Heat Transfer–Transactions of the ASME, 128(10), 1050–1059.
　　[5] Bassi, R., & Bansal, P. K. (2003). In-Tube Condensation of Mixture of R134a and Ester Oil: Empirical Correlations. Int. J. Refrigeration, 26(4), 402–409.
　　[6] Beatty, K. O., & Katz, D. L. (1948). Condensation of Vapors on Outside of Finned Tubes. Chemical Engineering Progress, 44 (1), 55.
　　[7] Belghazi, M., Bontemps, A., Signe, J. C., & Marvillet, C.(2001). Condensation Heat Transfer of a Pure Fluid and Binary Mixture Outside a Bundle of Smooth Horizontal Tubes. Comparison of Experimental Results and a Classical Model. Int. J. Refrigeration, 24(8), 841–855.
　　[8] Bivens, D. B., & Yokozeki, A. (1994). Heat Transfer Coefficient and Transport Properties for Alternative Refrigerants, Proc, 1994. Int. Refrigeration Conference, Purdue, Indiana (pp. 299–304).
　　[9] Browne, M. W., & Bansal, P. K. (1999). An Overview of Condensation Heat Transfer on Horizontal Tube Bundles. Applied Thermal Engineering, 19(6), 565-594.
　　[10] Cavallini, A., & Zechin, R. (1974). A Dimensionless Correlation for Heat Transfer Coefficient in ForcedConvection Condensation. Proceedings of the Fifth International Heat Transfer Conference, Japan, (Vol. 3, pp. 309–313).
　　[11] Cavallini, A., Censi, G., Del Col, D., Doretti, L., Longo, G. A., & Rossetto, L. (2001). Experimental Investigation on Condensation Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop of New HFC Refrigerants (R134a, R125, R32, R410A, R236ea) in a Horizontal Smooth Tube. Int. J. Refrigeration, 24(1), 73-87.
　　[12] Cavallini, A., Censi, G., Del Col, D., Doretti, L., Longo, G. A., Rossetto, L., & Zilio, C. (2003). Condensation Inside and Outside Smooth and Enhanced Tubes – a Review of Recent Research. Int. J. Refrigeration, 26(4), 373–392.
　　[13] Cavallini, A., Censi, G., Del Col, D., Doretti, L., Matkovic, M., Rossetto, L., & Zilio, C. (2006). Condensation in Horizontal Smooth Tubes: a New Heat Transfer Model for Heat Exchanger Design. Heat Transfer Engineering, 27(8), 31–38.
　　[14] Chato, J. C. (1961). Laminar Condensation Inside Horizontal and Inclined Tubes. ASHRAE Journal, 4, 52–60.
　　[15] Chato, J. C. (1962). Laminar Condensation Inside Horizontal and Inclined Tubes. ASHRAE J, 4, 52–60.
　　[16] Chen, S. L., Gerner, F. M., & Tien, C.L. (1987). General film Condensation Correlation. Experimental Heat Transfer, 1, 93–107.
　　[17] Dalkilic, A. S., Laohalertdecha, S., & Wongwises, S. (2009). Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer Coefficient of R134a During Condensation in Vertical Downward Flow at High Mass Flux in a Smooth Tube. Int. Commun. Heat and Mass Transfer, 36, 1036–1043.
　　[18] Dhir, V. K., & Lienhard, J. (1971). Laminar Film Condensation on Plan and Axisymmetric Bodies in NonUniform Gravity. J. Heat Transfer, 93(1), 97–100.
　　[19] Dobson, M. K., & Chato, J. C. (1998). Condensation in Smooth Horizontal Tubes. J. Heat Transfer, 120(1), 193–213.
　　[20] Fang, X. D., Xu, Y., & Zhou, Z. R. (2011). New Correlations of Single-Phase Friction Factor for Turbulent Pipe Flow and Evaluation of Existing Single-Phase Friction Factor Correlations. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 241(3), 897-902.
　　[21] Fang, X. D., Zhang, H. G., Xu, Y., & Su, X. H. (2012). Evaluation of Using Two-Phase Frictional Pressure Drop Correlations for Normal Gravity to Microgravity and Reduced Gravity. Advances in Space Research, 49(2), 351–3641.
　　[22] Fang, X. D., & Xu, Y. (2011). Modified Heat Transfer Equation for In-Tube Supercritical CO2 Cooling. Applied Thermal Engineering, 31(14-15), 3036-3042.
　　[23] Fujii, T. (1995). Enhancement to Condensing Heat TransferNew Developments. J. Enhanced Heat Transfer, 2(1-2), 127–137.
　　[24] Grober, H., Erk, S., & Grigull, U. (1961). Fundamentals of Heat Transfer. New York: McGraw-Hill.
　　[25] Incropera, F. P., & DeWitt, D. P. (2002). Fundamental of Heat and Mass Transfer (5th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
　　[26] Jung, D., Kim, C.B., Cho, S., & Song, K. (1999). Condensation Heat Transfer Coefficients of Enhanced Tubes with Alternative Refrigerants for CFC11 and CFC12. Int. J. Refrigeration, 22(7), 548–557.
　　[27] Jung, D., Kim, C. B., Hwang, S. M., & Kim, K. K. (2003). Condensation Heat Transfer Coefficients of R22, R407C, and R410A on a Horizontal Plain, Low-Fin, and Turbo-C Tubes. Int. J. Refrigeration, 26(4), 485–491.
　　[28] Jung, D., Song, K. H., Cho, Y. M., & Kim, S. J. (2003). Flow Condensation Heat Transfer Coefficients of Pure Refrigerants. Int. J. Refrigeration, 26(1), 4–11.
　　[29] Jung, D., Song, K. H., Kim, K. K., & An, K. Y. (2003). Condensation Heat Transfer Coefficients of Halogenated Binary Refrigerant Mixtures on a Smooth Tube. Int. J. Refrigeration, 26(7), 795–799.
　　[30] Koyama, S., Kuwahara, K., Nakashita, K., & Yamamoto, K.(2003). An Experimental Study on Condensation of Refrigerant R134a in a Multi-Port Extruded Tube. Int. J. Refrigeration, 26(4), 425–432.
　　[31] Laohalertdecha, S., & Wongwises, S. (2010). The Effects of Corrugation Pitch on the Condensation Heat Transfer Coefficient and Pressure Drop of R-134a Inside Horizontal Corrugated Tube. Int. J. Heat and Mass Transfer, 53(13-14), 2924–2931.
　　[32] Laohalertdecha, S., & Wongwises, S. (2011). Condensation Heat Transfer and Flow Characteristics of R-134a Flowing Through Corrugated Tubes. Int. J. Heat and Mass Transfer, 54(11-12), 2673–2682.
　　[33] Longo, G. A., & Gasparella, A. (2007). Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop During HFC-134a Condensation Inside a Commercial Brazed Plate Heat Exchanger. Int. Congress Refrigeration, Beijing.
　　[34] Matkovic, M., Cavallini, A., Del Col, D., & Rossetto, L.(2009). Experimental Study on Condensation Heat Transfer Inside a Single Circular Minichannel. Int. J. Heat and Mass Transfer, 52(9-10), 2311–2323.
　　[35] McAdams, W. H. (1954). Heat Transmission (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
　　[36] Moser, K.W. (1998). A New Equivalent Reynolds Number Model for Condensation in Smooth Tubes. J. Heat Transfer– Transactions of the ASME, 120(2), 410–417.
　　[37] Naulboonrueng, T., Kaew-on, J., & Wongwises, S. (2003). Two-Phase Condensation Heat Transfer Coefficients of HFC-134a at High Mass Flux in Smooth and Micro-fin Tubes. Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer, 30, 577–590.
　　[38] Nusselt, W. (1916). Die Oberflaohen-Kondensation des Wasserdampfes. VDI Zeitung, 60, 541–546 & 569–575.
　　[39] Park, K. J., June, D., & Seo, T. (2008). Flow Condensation Heat Transfer Characteristics of Hydrocarbon Refrigerants and Dimethyl Ether Inside a Horizontal Plain Tube. Int. J. Multiphase Flow, 34(7), 628–635.
　　[40] Park, J. E., Vakili-Farahani, F., Consolini, L., & Thome, J. R.(2011). Experimental Study on Condensation Heat Transfer in Vertical Minichannels for New Refrigerant R1234ze (E) Versus R134a and R236fa. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 35,442–454.
　　[41] Park, C. Y., & Hrnjak, P. (2009). CO2 Flow Condensation Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Multi-Port MicroChannels at Low Temperatures. Int. J. refrigeration, 32(6), 1129–1139.
　　[42] Sapali, S. N., & Patil, P. A. (2010). Heat Transfer During Condensation of HFC-134a and R-404A Inside of a Horizontal Smooth and Micro-Fin Tube. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 34(8), 1133–1141.
　　[43] Shah, M. M. (1979). A General Correlation for Heat Transfer During film Condensation Inside Pipes. Int. J. Heat and Mass Transfer, 22(4), 547–556.
　　[44] Sieder, E. N., & Tate, G. E. (1936). Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop of Liquids in Tubes. Ind. Eng. Chem., 28(12), 1429–1435.
　　[45] Singh, A., Ohadi, M. M., & Dessiatoun, S. V. (1996). Empirical Modeling of Stratified Wavy Flow Condensation Heat Transfer in Smooth Horizontal Tubes. ASHRAE Trans: Symposia, 9, 596–603.
　　[46] Soliman, M., Schuster, J. R., & Berenson, P. J. (1968). A General Heat Transfer Correlation for Annular Flow Condensation. J. Heat Transfer, 90(2), 267–276.
　　[47] Suliman, R., Liebenberg, L., & Meyer, J. P. (2009). Improved Flow Pattern Map for Accurate Prediction of the Heat Transfer Coefficients During Condensation of R-134a in Smooth Horizontal Tubes and Within the Low-Mass Flux Range. Int. J. Heat and Mass Transfer, 52(25-26), 5701–5711.
　　[48] Tandon, T. N., Varma, H. K., & Gupta, C. P. (1995). Heat Transfer During Forced Convection Condensation Inside Horizontal Tube. Int. J. Refrigeration, 18(3), 210–214.
　　[49] Tang, L., Ohadi, M. M., & Johnson, A. T. (2000). Flow condensation in Smooth Andmicrofin Tubes with HCFC-22, HFC-134a, and HFC-410 Refrigerants. part II: Design equations. J. Enhanced Heat Transfer, 7, 311–325.
　　[50] Thome, J. R., El Hajal, J., & Cavallini, A. (2003). Condensation in Horizontal Tubes, Part 2: New Heat Transfer Model Based on Flow Regimes. Int. J. Heat and Mass Transfer, 46(18), 3365–3387.
　　[51] Traviss, D. P., Rohsenow, W. M., & Baron, A. B. (1973). Forced Convection Condensation in Tubes: A Heat Transfer Correlation for Condenser Design. ASHRAE Transactions, 79, 157–165.
　　[52] Wen, M. Y., & Ho, C. Y. (2009). Condensation HeatTransfer and Pressure Drop Characteristics of Refrigerant R-290/R-600a–Oil Mixtures in Serpentine Small-Diameter U-Tubes. Applied Thermal Engineering, 29(11-12), 2460–2467.
　　[53] Wongwises, S., & Polsongkram, M. (2006). Condensation Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop of HFC-134a in a Helically Coiled Concentric Tube-In-Tube Heat Exchanger. Int. J. Heat and Mass Transfer, 49(23-24), 4386–4398.