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★ Don’t panic. From flu to COVID-19， these key steps can limit your risk of most infections2. Experts repeat it over and over. The first line of defense is washing your hands. During an epidemic， you can’t be too clean.
*不要恐慌。从流感到新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19），下面这些关键步骤可以限制住大多数感染的风险。专家们一遍又一遍地重复。第一道防线是洗手。在疫情期间，越爱干净越好。
Whether bird flu， COVID-19， MERS or Zika， the threat of a serious epidemic can strike fear in people across the globe. It’s wise to respect these infections. After all， each can seriously sicken people. Still， there’s no reason to panic. You can protect yourself by practising good hygiene3.
Here’s what infectious-disease experts and officials at the World Health Organization advise：
無论是禽流感、新型冠状病毒肺炎、中东呼吸综合征（MERS）还是寨卡病毒（Zika），严重流行病的威胁都会在全球范围内引起人们的恐慌。重视这些传染病是明智的。毕竟，每种传染病都会让人得重病。不过，没有理由恐慌。你可以通过保持良好的卫生习惯来保护自己。
以下是世界卫生组织的传染病专家和官员的建议：
1. Wash your hands！
洗手！
Often. Assume that sneezes or germy4 hands have left infectious residues5 on every surface that you have not personally cleaned or seen cleaned （especially outside your home）. Scrub6 away for 20 seconds. （Sing the Happy Birthday Song twice—and not quickly—while you wash.） Don’t forget to wash between fingers and under nails. If soap and water is unavailable， you can disinfect7 hands with an alcohol-based8 hand sanitizer9. Another option： If you have to turn a door knob， put a clean tissue or paper towel between the knob and your hand.
要经常洗手。假设打喷嚏或沾有细菌的手，在每个你没有亲自清洗或看到清洗过的（尤其是在你家外面的）物体表面留下了有传染性的残留物。要清洗20秒。（洗手的时候可以唱两遍生日歌——不要唱得太快。）别忘了洗手指之间和指甲缝里。如果没有肥皂和水，可以用含酒精的洗手液给双手消毒。你还有另一个选择：如果你必须转动门把手，那你可以用干净的纸巾隔在门把手和你的手之间。
2. Disinfect surfaces.
消毒表面。
These include desk tops， mobile phones， computer keyboards， TV remotes10， door handles and kitchen counters. Rub them down with a rag or paper towel that has been dampened11 with alcohol-based disinfectant12.
包括桌面、手机、电脑键盘、电视遥控器、门把手和厨房柜台。用沾有酒精消毒剂的抹布或纸巾擦拭。
3. Don’t eat food or handle dishes or utensils touched by a sick family member.
不要吃生病的家人碰过的食物，也不要拿他们碰过的盘子或器皿。
If you must touch a spoon someone else has handled （but not had in their mouth）， do so. Then wash your hands.
如果你一定要碰别人拿过（但未曾被他们放进嘴里）的勺子，那就这样做吧。然后你要洗手。
4. Don’t share a towel with anyone in your household who is sick.
不要和家里生病的人共用毛巾。
Get your own and make sure it is washed regularly with hot water. Dry towels in the sun or a hot dryer cycle.
When anyone in your home has an infectious disease， don’t risk spreading it with a contaminated13 towel. Everyone in the family should have their own and get it washed frequently. 使用自己的毛巾，并确保定期用热水清洗它们。把毛巾放在阳光下晒干或用烘干机烘干。
当你家里有人得了传染病时，不要冒险使用被污染的毛巾导致疾病传播。家里每个人都应该有自己的毛巾，而且要经常清洗。
5. Don’t shake hands， kiss or hug people.
不要握手、亲吻或拥抱别人。
This is the time for nodding and smiling. Or smile from an arm’s distance.
现在应该点头微笑，或者站在一臂的距离外微笑。
6. Don’t touch your face.
别摸你的脸。
It’s hard not to. Most people do it without thinking several times each hour. But germs14 you pick up from touching a contaminated surface may begin reproducing as soon as they contact moist areas of our eyes， nose and mouth.
很难不这么做。大多数人在每小时里想都没想就摸了几次。但是，你接触到的被污染的物体表面的细菌，一旦接触到我们的眼睛、鼻子和嘴巴的潮湿区域，就可能开始繁殖。
7. Avoid crowds.
避开人群。
If you must go out where plenty of people are present， whenever possible keep a cough’s distance away from them—at least a meter. Someone near to you may be infected and show no symptoms15.
如果你一定得去有很多人出現的地方，尽可能远离人群咳嗽会波及的距离——至少一米以上。你身边的人可能已经感染了，但没有任何症状。
8. Wear gloves while out in public.
在公共场合戴手套。
Don’t touch the outside of the gloves when you remove them. And once home， wash the gloves in hot water （but don’t dry wool ones with heat or they’ll shrink）. Disposable latex16 or other types of plastic gloves can be reused several times if you spray17 the outside with an alcohol-based disinfectant right before taking them off.
摘下手套时不要触摸手套的外面。回到家后，用热水清洗手套（但不要烘干羊毛手套，否则手套会缩水）。一次性乳胶手套或其他类型的塑料手套可以重复使用几次，但你要在取下手套之前用酒精消毒剂喷洒手套的外面。
9. Don’t share papers.
不要触摸同一张纸。
Now is the time to use digital documents. If your teachers don’t ask you to do homework on a computer， suggest it. When it comes to the daily mail， dispose18 of envelopes and any papers you don’t need as soon as you can. And then wash your hands.
现在是使用数字文档的时候了。如果你的老师没要求你在电脑上写家庭作业，你可以建议老师这样做。对于每日的邮件，你要尽快处理掉信封和任何你不需要的纸张，然后洗手。
10. Practise good hygiene.
保持良好的卫生习惯。
Wash your hands. Cough and sneeze into your elbow. Keep in mind that you may become infected and show no symptoms. This means you might be able to infect people at high risk of serious disease， such as an elderly grandparent or a classmate with asthma19.
Finally， what about masks？ Viruses can pass through the materials in most masks. There are some very expensive types （known as N-95 and KN-95）. They should be reserved to help those on the frontlines of disease—doctors and nurses. Cheaper surgical20 masks tend to help healthy people. Their biggest benefit is keeping away the release of infected droplets21 of saliva22 and snot from people who are already ill. 要洗手。咳嗽或者打喷嚏时用肘部捂住口鼻。记住，你可能已经被感染但没有任何症状。这意味着你可能会感染那些有严重疾病高风险的人，比如年迈的祖父母或患有哮喘的同学。
最后，那么口罩呢？病毒可以穿透大多数口罩的材料。有一些非常昂贵的口罩（如N-95和KN-95），但是它们应该留着帮助那些奋战在疾病前线的医生和护士。更便宜的外科口罩能帮助健康的人。它们最大的用处是阻挡已经患病的人分泌出的有感染性的唾液和鼻涕的飞沫。
（英语原文选自：www.sciencenewsforstudents.org）
【Notes】
1. epidemic [
*不要恐慌。从流感到新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19），下面这些关键步骤可以限制住大多数感染的风险。专家们一遍又一遍地重复。第一道防线是洗手。在疫情期间，越爱干净越好。
Whether bird flu， COVID-19， MERS or Zika， the threat of a serious epidemic can strike fear in people across the globe. It’s wise to respect these infections. After all， each can seriously sicken people. Still， there’s no reason to panic. You can protect yourself by practising good hygiene3.
Here’s what infectious-disease experts and officials at the World Health Organization advise：
無论是禽流感、新型冠状病毒肺炎、中东呼吸综合征（MERS）还是寨卡病毒（Zika），严重流行病的威胁都会在全球范围内引起人们的恐慌。重视这些传染病是明智的。毕竟，每种传染病都会让人得重病。不过，没有理由恐慌。你可以通过保持良好的卫生习惯来保护自己。
以下是世界卫生组织的传染病专家和官员的建议：
1. Wash your hands！
洗手！
Often. Assume that sneezes or germy4 hands have left infectious residues5 on every surface that you have not personally cleaned or seen cleaned （especially outside your home）. Scrub6 away for 20 seconds. （Sing the Happy Birthday Song twice—and not quickly—while you wash.） Don’t forget to wash between fingers and under nails. If soap and water is unavailable， you can disinfect7 hands with an alcohol-based8 hand sanitizer9. Another option： If you have to turn a door knob， put a clean tissue or paper towel between the knob and your hand.
要经常洗手。假设打喷嚏或沾有细菌的手，在每个你没有亲自清洗或看到清洗过的（尤其是在你家外面的）物体表面留下了有传染性的残留物。要清洗20秒。（洗手的时候可以唱两遍生日歌——不要唱得太快。）别忘了洗手指之间和指甲缝里。如果没有肥皂和水，可以用含酒精的洗手液给双手消毒。你还有另一个选择：如果你必须转动门把手，那你可以用干净的纸巾隔在门把手和你的手之间。
2. Disinfect surfaces.
消毒表面。
These include desk tops， mobile phones， computer keyboards， TV remotes10， door handles and kitchen counters. Rub them down with a rag or paper towel that has been dampened11 with alcohol-based disinfectant12.
包括桌面、手机、电脑键盘、电视遥控器、门把手和厨房柜台。用沾有酒精消毒剂的抹布或纸巾擦拭。
3. Don’t eat food or handle dishes or utensils touched by a sick family member.
不要吃生病的家人碰过的食物，也不要拿他们碰过的盘子或器皿。
If you must touch a spoon someone else has handled （but not had in their mouth）， do so. Then wash your hands.
如果你一定要碰别人拿过（但未曾被他们放进嘴里）的勺子，那就这样做吧。然后你要洗手。
4. Don’t share a towel with anyone in your household who is sick.
不要和家里生病的人共用毛巾。
Get your own and make sure it is washed regularly with hot water. Dry towels in the sun or a hot dryer cycle.
When anyone in your home has an infectious disease， don’t risk spreading it with a contaminated13 towel. Everyone in the family should have their own and get it washed frequently. 使用自己的毛巾，并确保定期用热水清洗它们。把毛巾放在阳光下晒干或用烘干机烘干。
当你家里有人得了传染病时，不要冒险使用被污染的毛巾导致疾病传播。家里每个人都应该有自己的毛巾，而且要经常清洗。
5. Don’t shake hands， kiss or hug people.
不要握手、亲吻或拥抱别人。
This is the time for nodding and smiling. Or smile from an arm’s distance.
现在应该点头微笑，或者站在一臂的距离外微笑。
6. Don’t touch your face.
别摸你的脸。
It’s hard not to. Most people do it without thinking several times each hour. But germs14 you pick up from touching a contaminated surface may begin reproducing as soon as they contact moist areas of our eyes， nose and mouth.
很难不这么做。大多数人在每小时里想都没想就摸了几次。但是，你接触到的被污染的物体表面的细菌，一旦接触到我们的眼睛、鼻子和嘴巴的潮湿区域，就可能开始繁殖。
7. Avoid crowds.
避开人群。
If you must go out where plenty of people are present， whenever possible keep a cough’s distance away from them—at least a meter. Someone near to you may be infected and show no symptoms15.
如果你一定得去有很多人出現的地方，尽可能远离人群咳嗽会波及的距离——至少一米以上。你身边的人可能已经感染了，但没有任何症状。
8. Wear gloves while out in public.
在公共场合戴手套。
Don’t touch the outside of the gloves when you remove them. And once home， wash the gloves in hot water （but don’t dry wool ones with heat or they’ll shrink）. Disposable latex16 or other types of plastic gloves can be reused several times if you spray17 the outside with an alcohol-based disinfectant right before taking them off.
摘下手套时不要触摸手套的外面。回到家后，用热水清洗手套（但不要烘干羊毛手套，否则手套会缩水）。一次性乳胶手套或其他类型的塑料手套可以重复使用几次，但你要在取下手套之前用酒精消毒剂喷洒手套的外面。
9. Don’t share papers.
不要触摸同一张纸。
Now is the time to use digital documents. If your teachers don’t ask you to do homework on a computer， suggest it. When it comes to the daily mail， dispose18 of envelopes and any papers you don’t need as soon as you can. And then wash your hands.
现在是使用数字文档的时候了。如果你的老师没要求你在电脑上写家庭作业，你可以建议老师这样做。对于每日的邮件，你要尽快处理掉信封和任何你不需要的纸张，然后洗手。
10. Practise good hygiene.
保持良好的卫生习惯。
Wash your hands. Cough and sneeze into your elbow. Keep in mind that you may become infected and show no symptoms. This means you might be able to infect people at high risk of serious disease， such as an elderly grandparent or a classmate with asthma19.
Finally， what about masks？ Viruses can pass through the materials in most masks. There are some very expensive types （known as N-95 and KN-95）. They should be reserved to help those on the frontlines of disease—doctors and nurses. Cheaper surgical20 masks tend to help healthy people. Their biggest benefit is keeping away the release of infected droplets21 of saliva22 and snot from people who are already ill. 要洗手。咳嗽或者打喷嚏时用肘部捂住口鼻。记住，你可能已经被感染但没有任何症状。这意味着你可能会感染那些有严重疾病高风险的人，比如年迈的祖父母或患有哮喘的同学。
最后，那么口罩呢？病毒可以穿透大多数口罩的材料。有一些非常昂贵的口罩（如N-95和KN-95），但是它们应该留着帮助那些奋战在疾病前线的医生和护士。更便宜的外科口罩能帮助健康的人。它们最大的用处是阻挡已经患病的人分泌出的有感染性的唾液和鼻涕的飞沫。
（英语原文选自：www.sciencenewsforstudents.org）
【Notes】
1. epidemic [