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【Abstract】This paper mainly discusses about the significance of the classroom atmosphere in English teaching and learning， the main factors which influence on classroom atmosphere.And in the end of the paper， the author also gives some suggestions on enlivening the classroom atmosphere.
【Key words】classroom atmospherepositivefactor suggestionⅠThe significance of positive classroom atmosphere
From the psychological angle，the key to successful English teaching and learning is that both the teacher and his students should create a positive， animated and harmonious environment.
Generally，classroom atmosphere can be divided into two types:positive classroom atmosphere and negative atmosphere.Positive classroom atmosphere is friendly，active and warm.Oppositely，the negative classroom atmosphere is hostile，inactive and indifferent.
To the teacher，harmonious and cooperative classroom atmosphere can make him teach efficiently.To the students，warm and active classroom atmosphere is helpful to learn better.Positive classroom atmosphere is beneficial to both the teacher and the students.
ⅡThe main factors which influence on classroom atmosphere
English teaching and learning is a complex process which involves different factors.Therefore，the factors that can affect on the dynamics are various.The main factors will be introduced as follows.
1.students
Teaching and learning are the bilateral activities which involve both the teacher and the students.Students are the main role of learning and the target of teaching.Consequently，their influence on the classroom atmosphere also cannot be ignored.Specifically，there are two factors:objective factor and emotional factor.
English，as a foreign language，is rather difficult for the Chinese students for they are lacking of knowledge of its related information.The literature，culture，history，features of English is important to English learning.
Objectively speaking，it is inevitable that the middle school students feel tired，pressurized，frustrated or even despaired when they have troubles in understanding a sentence，remembering a word or even catching the teacher’s talking.And when they have such unpleasant feelings，they will give up what they are doing but drop into a passive state.For example，some students will start private conversations.Some will close their mouths and begin to daydream.Some even fall into asleep.These behaviors of students will lead to a depressing，undisciplined and oppressive classroom atmosphere. Different from the objective factor，emotional factor is a kind of subjective factor.There are two types of emotional factors:positive emotional factors and negative emotional factors.
Anxiety is quite possibly the emotional factor that most pervasively obstructs the English learning process.When anxiety is present in the classroom， there is a negative effect.Anxiety makes the students nervous and thus contributes to poor classroom atmosphere.
Empathy is a factor，perhaps the most important one of harmonious classroom atmosphere.As the teacher move into closer contact with students’feelings， he may be able to model empathetic behavior in his dealing with students and to lead them to the active and harmonious communication.And as the students appreciate or respect the teacher，they may cooperate with their teacher consciously.If the empathetic behavior among the students，they will support， respect and cooperate with each other better.And all these empathetic behavior are good for developing a supportive，warm and harmonious classroom atmosphere.
2.Teachers
The English teacher plays another important role in teaching and learning. Their influence on the classroom atmosphere also cannot be ignored.
(1)the teaching methods adopted by the teacher
The traditional teaching method is teacher-centered teaching. The English teacher talks and explains without stop while the students are asked to listen carefully and copy every word on the blackboard，even though they cannot fully understand it.
Such kind of teaching method is still very common in some schools. In this traditional teaching model，the teacher is viewed as the main source of knowledge and information.Students like the empty bottles are filled with what is presented by the teacher.During the whole process，The students just listen， read and take notes mechanically. The dull teaching model reduces the interest of students and develops the same dull classroom atmosphere.
Oppositely，the role of teacher in student-centered teaching method is variable.The teacher can be an active participant in the group.The teacher is also a helper and resource. Meanwhile，the teacher is a monitor，organizing the whole teaching and learning activity.The teacher pays close attention to the features，feelings，response，levels and characters of students.Students find more interest and happiness in English learning by being treated in this way.They will be engaged actively and enthusiastically into the English learning. (2)qualities of the teacher
First，the teacher should have fairly high professional knowledge of culture，literature and psychology.Only when the teacher is a knowledgeable person can his students respect and admire him. Second，the teacher also should be a perfect performer.Classroom，to a certain extent，is the stage for the teacher.And his students are the audience.From this point of view，giving an English class is like giving a performance.The teacher should be good at using different kinds of teaching skills which can help him give more and attractive performance.In addition，the teacher should teach with good teaching manners that make the students comfortable and relaxed.
ⅢThe suggestions on enlivening the classroom atmosphere
1.harmonious relationship between the teacher and the students
Good relationship between the teacher and his students assure the cooperative classroom atmosphere.
The teacher should treat students as persons with potentialities，demands and aspirations.He should study and understand middle school students’ physiological characteristics，psychological trends，intellectual levels and so on.Only when the teacher understands students，can he shorten the psychological distance between him and his students，can he have more communication with the students.
Middle school students have their own thoughts and ideas.They have a strong sense of self-respect.If the students get respect and trust from their teacher，they will return more respect and love for the teacher and be willing to get close to him. If the teacher discriminates against the backward students， he will hurt the students’feelings and dampen their enthusiasm for English learning.
2.harmonious relationship between students and students
Since the students study together in one class，it is very important to have good student-student relationship.The teacher should guide and help students to establish good and harmonious relationship.The most basic cooperative activity is to exchange students’feelings and ideas.Byexchanging their ideas， studentshave chances to develop their ideas and practice their spoken English.It is also a bridge for students to understand each other and help one another.Team work，pair work and role-play are commonly used in English class.Through these cooperative learning， students can make progress while develop their friendship.
3.appropriate role
Many people consider the role of the teacher is an important component of efficient and ordered classroom atmosphere. Richard and Rodgers point out， teacher roles related ultimately to assumptions about language and language learning at the level of approach. That is，different approaches stipulate different roles for the teacher. An appropriate degree of control by the teacher over the class is vital in formal English teaching.On one hand，the teacher should control the pace so that activities run smoothly and efficiently. For instance，when students do activities， the teacher’s control can make sure the students use certain target language items and their program has a degree of accuracy.On the other hand，the teacher should maintain discipline in his class so that teaching and learning can be more effective and smooth.One of the teacher’s major responsibility is to design and organize creative and efficient tasks that students can carry out in the English class. Before organizing an activity in the class，the teacher should envisage what the activity is going to be. And before students start the activity，the teacher should give instructions clearly and concisely so that students will not develop the activity into a mess.While the students are doing the activity，the teacher should walk around the classroom and monitor what the students are doing. And after the activity， the teacher should make proper evaluations on it.During the English class， students may meet some problems and difficulties.The teacher should help the students overcome the difficulties to reduce their anxiety.English is hard and difficult to Chinese students.They easily become tense when they are learning English.Therefore，the teacher’s help and guidance are necessary. Modern teaching method encourages the teacher to participate in students’ activities.Besides monitoring the class，the teacher also can join in one or two groups as an ordinary participant.However，the teacher should change his role once he joins the students.He should not appear to be authoritative at all.In that case，the distance between the teacher and his students can be shortened efficiently.
4.good use of teaching instruments， programs and multi-media classroom
Students enjoy affection，respect，attention and approval from the teacher.For this reason，an interesting lesson tends to attract the students’attention rather than the one which is dull.
There are many teaching instruments which can be used to give more interesting lesson.The English teacher should make good use of these instruments.Listening to or learning English songs is one of the best way to learn English well.Most students like to listen or sing them very much. English songs can strengthen and consolidate what students have learned.Teaching with objects and pictures is an important teaching method.Objects and pictures here include newspaper，ticket，brand，advertisement，sample，toy and so on.Objects and pictures can capture students’interest and leave a direct and deep impression on their mind.Programs which includes role-play， dialogue，guessing games and so oncan create scene which are closer to life， provide spots for language communication，arouse students’active thoughts and develop their abilities of learning English. English learning is hard and boring if it lasts for a long time.and middle school students usually cannot concentrate long.For this reason，the students feel tired during the class. Programs can make the students obtain knowledge in an active and relaxed atmosphere.Nowadays， most middle schools have their own multi-media classroom. The computers and the screen in the multi-media classroom can provide visual，colorful and vivid pictures to the students.What’s more， multi-media classroom can also provide the students with chance to see the original English programs.When seeing simple film，in order to understand it well，the students have to listen carefully and read the English caption quickly.It is much better than listening to the difficult materials，facing papers and doing exercise.because in that case，students listen or read with great interest and attention. 5.high qualities of the English teacher
A kind， humorous，fair，knowledgeable and appealing English teacher is popular with the students and make his English class attractive.Therefore， the teacher should improve his own qualities and teaching skills by all means. For example，the teacher can learn from others’experience，or learn certain knowledge such as language theories，psycholinguistics，sociolinguistics，educational psychology，teaching methodology and so on.
Ⅳ Conclusion
The middle school students are the future of our country.They have strong self-esteem and curiosity.The English teachers，as the gardener of the middle school students，should try to understand their psychology and their needs. The teacher should give them help，encouragement and guidance and to hurt their feelings. They should try to set up a harmonious relationship with the students while help the students establish the same harmonious student-student relationship.And the teachers should make great efforts to improve themselves as much as possible to become qualified English teachers and give wonderful performance in the English classes.The teacher also should change the out-of-date teaching model and take the challenge to find more advanced and better teaching model.
References：
[1]Arnold，Jane.Affect in Language Teaching Cambridge University Press，2000.
[2]Campbell Colin，Kryszewska Hanna.Learner-based Teaching Oxford University Press，1998.
[3]Hadfield，Jill.Classroom Dynamics Oxford University Press，1998.
[4]Richards，Jack，Nunan David.Second Language Teacher Education Cambridge University Press，2000.
[5]Richards，J，T.Rodger，Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching Cambridge University Press，2000.
[6]Wang Qiang，Cheng Xiaotang.A course in English Language Teaching Higher Education Press，2000.
[7]肖嫚.互动式教学模式与英语口语能力培养[J].科技信息， 2009，（02）.
[8]李丽君，贺凯达.大学生英语口语自主学习的探讨[J].成功（教育），2009，（02）
【Key words】classroom atmospherepositivefactor suggestionⅠThe significance of positive classroom atmosphere
From the psychological angle，the key to successful English teaching and learning is that both the teacher and his students should create a positive， animated and harmonious environment.
Generally，classroom atmosphere can be divided into two types:positive classroom atmosphere and negative atmosphere.Positive classroom atmosphere is friendly，active and warm.Oppositely，the negative classroom atmosphere is hostile，inactive and indifferent.
To the teacher，harmonious and cooperative classroom atmosphere can make him teach efficiently.To the students，warm and active classroom atmosphere is helpful to learn better.Positive classroom atmosphere is beneficial to both the teacher and the students.
ⅡThe main factors which influence on classroom atmosphere
English teaching and learning is a complex process which involves different factors.Therefore，the factors that can affect on the dynamics are various.The main factors will be introduced as follows.
1.students
Teaching and learning are the bilateral activities which involve both the teacher and the students.Students are the main role of learning and the target of teaching.Consequently，their influence on the classroom atmosphere also cannot be ignored.Specifically，there are two factors:objective factor and emotional factor.
English，as a foreign language，is rather difficult for the Chinese students for they are lacking of knowledge of its related information.The literature，culture，history，features of English is important to English learning.
Objectively speaking，it is inevitable that the middle school students feel tired，pressurized，frustrated or even despaired when they have troubles in understanding a sentence，remembering a word or even catching the teacher’s talking.And when they have such unpleasant feelings，they will give up what they are doing but drop into a passive state.For example，some students will start private conversations.Some will close their mouths and begin to daydream.Some even fall into asleep.These behaviors of students will lead to a depressing，undisciplined and oppressive classroom atmosphere. Different from the objective factor，emotional factor is a kind of subjective factor.There are two types of emotional factors:positive emotional factors and negative emotional factors.
Anxiety is quite possibly the emotional factor that most pervasively obstructs the English learning process.When anxiety is present in the classroom， there is a negative effect.Anxiety makes the students nervous and thus contributes to poor classroom atmosphere.
Empathy is a factor，perhaps the most important one of harmonious classroom atmosphere.As the teacher move into closer contact with students’feelings， he may be able to model empathetic behavior in his dealing with students and to lead them to the active and harmonious communication.And as the students appreciate or respect the teacher，they may cooperate with their teacher consciously.If the empathetic behavior among the students，they will support， respect and cooperate with each other better.And all these empathetic behavior are good for developing a supportive，warm and harmonious classroom atmosphere.
2.Teachers
The English teacher plays another important role in teaching and learning. Their influence on the classroom atmosphere also cannot be ignored.
(1)the teaching methods adopted by the teacher
The traditional teaching method is teacher-centered teaching. The English teacher talks and explains without stop while the students are asked to listen carefully and copy every word on the blackboard，even though they cannot fully understand it.
Such kind of teaching method is still very common in some schools. In this traditional teaching model，the teacher is viewed as the main source of knowledge and information.Students like the empty bottles are filled with what is presented by the teacher.During the whole process，The students just listen， read and take notes mechanically. The dull teaching model reduces the interest of students and develops the same dull classroom atmosphere.
Oppositely，the role of teacher in student-centered teaching method is variable.The teacher can be an active participant in the group.The teacher is also a helper and resource. Meanwhile，the teacher is a monitor，organizing the whole teaching and learning activity.The teacher pays close attention to the features，feelings，response，levels and characters of students.Students find more interest and happiness in English learning by being treated in this way.They will be engaged actively and enthusiastically into the English learning. (2)qualities of the teacher
First，the teacher should have fairly high professional knowledge of culture，literature and psychology.Only when the teacher is a knowledgeable person can his students respect and admire him. Second，the teacher also should be a perfect performer.Classroom，to a certain extent，is the stage for the teacher.And his students are the audience.From this point of view，giving an English class is like giving a performance.The teacher should be good at using different kinds of teaching skills which can help him give more and attractive performance.In addition，the teacher should teach with good teaching manners that make the students comfortable and relaxed.
ⅢThe suggestions on enlivening the classroom atmosphere
1.harmonious relationship between the teacher and the students
Good relationship between the teacher and his students assure the cooperative classroom atmosphere.
The teacher should treat students as persons with potentialities，demands and aspirations.He should study and understand middle school students’ physiological characteristics，psychological trends，intellectual levels and so on.Only when the teacher understands students，can he shorten the psychological distance between him and his students，can he have more communication with the students.
Middle school students have their own thoughts and ideas.They have a strong sense of self-respect.If the students get respect and trust from their teacher，they will return more respect and love for the teacher and be willing to get close to him. If the teacher discriminates against the backward students， he will hurt the students’feelings and dampen their enthusiasm for English learning.
2.harmonious relationship between students and students
Since the students study together in one class，it is very important to have good student-student relationship.The teacher should guide and help students to establish good and harmonious relationship.The most basic cooperative activity is to exchange students’feelings and ideas.Byexchanging their ideas， studentshave chances to develop their ideas and practice their spoken English.It is also a bridge for students to understand each other and help one another.Team work，pair work and role-play are commonly used in English class.Through these cooperative learning， students can make progress while develop their friendship.
3.appropriate role
Many people consider the role of the teacher is an important component of efficient and ordered classroom atmosphere. Richard and Rodgers point out， teacher roles related ultimately to assumptions about language and language learning at the level of approach. That is，different approaches stipulate different roles for the teacher. An appropriate degree of control by the teacher over the class is vital in formal English teaching.On one hand，the teacher should control the pace so that activities run smoothly and efficiently. For instance，when students do activities， the teacher’s control can make sure the students use certain target language items and their program has a degree of accuracy.On the other hand，the teacher should maintain discipline in his class so that teaching and learning can be more effective and smooth.One of the teacher’s major responsibility is to design and organize creative and efficient tasks that students can carry out in the English class. Before organizing an activity in the class，the teacher should envisage what the activity is going to be. And before students start the activity，the teacher should give instructions clearly and concisely so that students will not develop the activity into a mess.While the students are doing the activity，the teacher should walk around the classroom and monitor what the students are doing. And after the activity， the teacher should make proper evaluations on it.During the English class， students may meet some problems and difficulties.The teacher should help the students overcome the difficulties to reduce their anxiety.English is hard and difficult to Chinese students.They easily become tense when they are learning English.Therefore，the teacher’s help and guidance are necessary. Modern teaching method encourages the teacher to participate in students’ activities.Besides monitoring the class，the teacher also can join in one or two groups as an ordinary participant.However，the teacher should change his role once he joins the students.He should not appear to be authoritative at all.In that case，the distance between the teacher and his students can be shortened efficiently.
4.good use of teaching instruments， programs and multi-media classroom
Students enjoy affection，respect，attention and approval from the teacher.For this reason，an interesting lesson tends to attract the students’attention rather than the one which is dull.
There are many teaching instruments which can be used to give more interesting lesson.The English teacher should make good use of these instruments.Listening to or learning English songs is one of the best way to learn English well.Most students like to listen or sing them very much. English songs can strengthen and consolidate what students have learned.Teaching with objects and pictures is an important teaching method.Objects and pictures here include newspaper，ticket，brand，advertisement，sample，toy and so on.Objects and pictures can capture students’interest and leave a direct and deep impression on their mind.Programs which includes role-play， dialogue，guessing games and so oncan create scene which are closer to life， provide spots for language communication，arouse students’active thoughts and develop their abilities of learning English. English learning is hard and boring if it lasts for a long time.and middle school students usually cannot concentrate long.For this reason，the students feel tired during the class. Programs can make the students obtain knowledge in an active and relaxed atmosphere.Nowadays， most middle schools have their own multi-media classroom. The computers and the screen in the multi-media classroom can provide visual，colorful and vivid pictures to the students.What’s more， multi-media classroom can also provide the students with chance to see the original English programs.When seeing simple film，in order to understand it well，the students have to listen carefully and read the English caption quickly.It is much better than listening to the difficult materials，facing papers and doing exercise.because in that case，students listen or read with great interest and attention. 5.high qualities of the English teacher
A kind， humorous，fair，knowledgeable and appealing English teacher is popular with the students and make his English class attractive.Therefore， the teacher should improve his own qualities and teaching skills by all means. For example，the teacher can learn from others’experience，or learn certain knowledge such as language theories，psycholinguistics，sociolinguistics，educational psychology，teaching methodology and so on.
Ⅳ Conclusion
The middle school students are the future of our country.They have strong self-esteem and curiosity.The English teachers，as the gardener of the middle school students，should try to understand their psychology and their needs. The teacher should give them help，encouragement and guidance and to hurt their feelings. They should try to set up a harmonious relationship with the students while help the students establish the same harmonious student-student relationship.And the teachers should make great efforts to improve themselves as much as possible to become qualified English teachers and give wonderful performance in the English classes.The teacher also should change the out-of-date teaching model and take the challenge to find more advanced and better teaching model.
References：
[1]Arnold，Jane.Affect in Language Teaching Cambridge University Press，2000.
[2]Campbell Colin，Kryszewska Hanna.Learner-based Teaching Oxford University Press，1998.
[3]Hadfield，Jill.Classroom Dynamics Oxford University Press，1998.
[4]Richards，Jack，Nunan David.Second Language Teacher Education Cambridge University Press，2000.
[5]Richards，J，T.Rodger，Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching Cambridge University Press，2000.
[6]Wang Qiang，Cheng Xiaotang.A course in English Language Teaching Higher Education Press，2000.
[7]肖嫚.互动式教学模式与英语口语能力培养[J].科技信息， 2009，（02）.
[8]李丽君，贺凯达.大学生英语口语自主学习的探讨[J].成功（教育），2009，（02）