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Fleeceflower Root Extract is mainly composed of anthraquinone,stilbene glucoside and lecithin.It can increase 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine contents and superoxide dismutase activity,get rid of the damage of free radical to the organism,alleviate the symptoms of vascular demensia,postpone aging and exhibit neuroprotective effects.However,the underlying mechanism of action of Fleeceflower Root Extract remains poorly understood.5-Hydroxytryptamine is a classic monoamine neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and can regulates the release of various neurotransmitters after binding to 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor and participates in learning and memory.This study established rat models of vascular dementia by permanent ligation of bilateral common carotid arteries and treated with Fleeceflower Root Extract.Fleeceflower Root Extract significantly shortened escape latency,increased the times passing through the platform,and prolong the swimming time in water Maze tests.In addition,Fleeceflower Root Extract increased superoxide dismutase activity and decrease malondialdehyde level.Immunohistochemical staining showed that Fleeceflower Root Extract decreased 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor expression in the anterior nuclei of thalamus of rats with vascular dementia.Fleeceflower Root Extract can improve the learning and memory abilities of rats with vascular dementia and the underlying mechanism is possibly related to its downregulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor expression in the anterior nuclei of thalamus and anti-oxidative damage.