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Backgrounds:Prostate cancer(PCa)is among commonest cancer worldwide.It is the second leading cause of morbidity among men and the fifth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide.Among African men,Prostate cancer(PCa)ranked first both in terms of morbidity and mortality.Geographic variations are clearly noticed in incidence and mortality of PCa in different part of the world.Age,family history,ethnicity and other environmental factors are well-established risk factors for PCa.Early identification and treating men at high risk and with advanced prostate cancer(PCa),believed to improve survival rates and quality of life.Due to prostatic specific antigen(PSA)screening,currently PCa morbidity and mortality significantly decreased in many countries.However,despite globally increased awareness and easily availability of PCa screening tools,much is not yet known about PCa awareness and screening practices in Kenya.In the other hand,AIDS is a leading cause of death among adults and adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa.However,legal,policy and social barriers continued to restrict individual’s access to HIV care services and HIV testing remains infrequent regardless of its pivotal role in controlling HIV epidemic.HIV counseling and testing(HTC)is a gateway to all strategies related to care,prevention and treatment of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)infection.However,almost all countries are still far behind from realization of United Nation’s Joint program HIV/AIDS(UNAIDS)plan to end AIDS epidemic by2030and achieving90%diagnosis for all HIV infected individuals by2020.Ethiopia has also been implementing HIV voluntary counseling and testing(VCT)as a key strategy in its effort to prevent and control HIV/AIDS in the country.However,the utilization of VCT service among adults is still very low.
The objective of this study was to assess the prostate cancer awareness and screening practice among Kenyan men(aged15-54)and to identify determinants associated with HIV counseling and testing among Ethiopian women aged15-49.
Methods:Cross-sectional study was done using Kenya Demographic Health Survey(KDHS2014)and Ethiopia Demographic Health Survey(EDHS2016)data respectively.Subsample of12,803men from KDHS2014and14,369women from EDHS2016were taken and analyzed using SPSS version22.
Results:The awareness of prostate cancer among Kenyan men was61.9%and the screening practice was3.9%.Strong association was found by crude and adjusted logistic regression analysis between men’s awareness and age categories25–34(95%CI=1.32-1.73,p<0.001),35–44(95%CI=1.51-2.08,p<0.001),45–54(95%CI=1.70-2.44,p<0.001),compared with men in the15–24age category.Similarly,association was noticed among men having insurance coverage and awareness(95%CI=1.35-1.76,p<0.001)as well as insurance coverage and screening practice(95%CI=1.35-2.37,p<001).Compared to illiterate,men with primary education(95%CI=1.82-2.72,p<001),secondary education(95%CI=3.84-5.89,p<001),and higher education(95%CI=9.93-17.38,p<0.001)were found highly aware of prostate cancer.Socio-demographically,richer(95%CI=1.36-1.79,p<0.001),and richest(95%CI=1.62-2.27,p<0.001)individuals were more likely aware of Pca than those in poorest wealth index Category were.
Overall prevalence of ever tested for HIV was52.9%.Aged20-44,ever married,being at higher socio economic position(SEP)and having risky sexual behavior are factors that were positively associated with VCT utilization.Being Muslims in urban and protestants in rural were significantly and negatively associated with VCT utilization.Those who had stigmatizing attitude both in urban and rural and who had comprehensive knowledge in rural were less likely to utilize VCT service.
Conclusion and recommendations:The awareness of Kenyan men on Pca is good.However,Pca screening practice is very poor.Hence,health promotion on Pca screening program must be encouraged to improve public understanding about Pca,available screening tests and importance of early Pca screening.In the case of VCT service utilization,compared with last few years,VCT utilization among women in Ethiopia demonstrated improvement.Stigmatizing attitude was major factor,which negatively affected VCT uptake among women in Ethiopia.Concerted efforts should be made by all stakeholders to mitigate stigma.In this aspect,the role of religious leader,schools,health extension workers and community leaders should not be undermined.Implementation and strengthening of alternative VCT services that include mobile VCT,routine offer of VCT at workplace,schools,religious congregations and home-based VCT service is highly recommended to increase uptake of VCT.
The objective of this study was to assess the prostate cancer awareness and screening practice among Kenyan men(aged15-54)and to identify determinants associated with HIV counseling and testing among Ethiopian women aged15-49.
Methods:Cross-sectional study was done using Kenya Demographic Health Survey(KDHS2014)and Ethiopia Demographic Health Survey(EDHS2016)data respectively.Subsample of12,803men from KDHS2014and14,369women from EDHS2016were taken and analyzed using SPSS version22.
Results:The awareness of prostate cancer among Kenyan men was61.9%and the screening practice was3.9%.Strong association was found by crude and adjusted logistic regression analysis between men’s awareness and age categories25–34(95%CI=1.32-1.73,p<0.001),35–44(95%CI=1.51-2.08,p<0.001),45–54(95%CI=1.70-2.44,p<0.001),compared with men in the15–24age category.Similarly,association was noticed among men having insurance coverage and awareness(95%CI=1.35-1.76,p<0.001)as well as insurance coverage and screening practice(95%CI=1.35-2.37,p<001).Compared to illiterate,men with primary education(95%CI=1.82-2.72,p<001),secondary education(95%CI=3.84-5.89,p<001),and higher education(95%CI=9.93-17.38,p<0.001)were found highly aware of prostate cancer.Socio-demographically,richer(95%CI=1.36-1.79,p<0.001),and richest(95%CI=1.62-2.27,p<0.001)individuals were more likely aware of Pca than those in poorest wealth index Category were.
Overall prevalence of ever tested for HIV was52.9%.Aged20-44,ever married,being at higher socio economic position(SEP)and having risky sexual behavior are factors that were positively associated with VCT utilization.Being Muslims in urban and protestants in rural were significantly and negatively associated with VCT utilization.Those who had stigmatizing attitude both in urban and rural and who had comprehensive knowledge in rural were less likely to utilize VCT service.
Conclusion and recommendations:The awareness of Kenyan men on Pca is good.However,Pca screening practice is very poor.Hence,health promotion on Pca screening program must be encouraged to improve public understanding about Pca,available screening tests and importance of early Pca screening.In the case of VCT service utilization,compared with last few years,VCT utilization among women in Ethiopia demonstrated improvement.Stigmatizing attitude was major factor,which negatively affected VCT uptake among women in Ethiopia.Concerted efforts should be made by all stakeholders to mitigate stigma.In this aspect,the role of religious leader,schools,health extension workers and community leaders should not be undermined.Implementation and strengthening of alternative VCT services that include mobile VCT,routine offer of VCT at workplace,schools,religious congregations and home-based VCT service is highly recommended to increase uptake of VCT.