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北洋政府(1912-1928年)内阁由国务院总理以及行政各部总长及直属机关首脑组成。各部包括。外交、内务、交通、陆军,海军、司法、教育、农林、工商、交通等十部。或将农林与工商合为农商共为九部,国务院直辖机关包括:秘书厅、法制局、印铸局、水利局、蒙藏事务所等。一般习惯上,指国务院为内阁。内阁制以国务院和各部为国家的政行中枢。内阁总理或国务院总理,由总统提名,国会同意后任命。而各部总长由总理提名,经国会同意由大总统任命,内阁总理和各部总长同为国务员,未有特殊权力,凡事与各总长共同负责。各部事宜均须有总理副署才能生效,而各总长只对本部各项事宜有副署权,从这点上说,总理又居国务院首领地位。总理和总长通过国务会议处理各项事宜,包括:①法律案及教会案;②予算案及决算案;⑧军队之编制;④条约案,⑤宣战媾和案;⑥官吏的任免;⑦国务院认为应讨论的事宜;⑧参议院(国会)送来
The Beiyang government (1912-1928) is composed of the Prime Minister of the State Council, heads of administrative departments and heads of departments directly under the government. Each ministry includes. Diplomacy, internal affairs, transportation, army, navy, justice, education, agriculture and forestry, industry and commerce, transportation and other ten. Or a total of agriculture and forestry and business farming as a total of nine, the State Council directly under the authority include: Secretariat, Bureau of Justice, Printing and Casting Bureau, Water Resources Bureau, Mongolian and Tibetan offices. Generally speaking, refers to the State Council as a cabinet. The cabinet system takes the State Council and ministries as the political center of the country. Prime Minister or Prime Minister of the State Council, nominated by the president and appointed by Congress. The chief ministers are nominated by the Prime Minister and appointed by the President by the consent of the National Assembly. The Prime Minister and the chief ministers of the various ministries are not civil servants. They have no special powers and are jointly responsible for the affairs of all parties. All ministries must have the Deputy Prime Minister to take effect, and the chiefs have only the right to subordinate affairs in this department. From this point of view, the premier holds the leading position in the State Council. The Prime Minister and the Chief Executive through the State Council to deal with various issues, including: ① law case and the Church case; ② to the case and the final accounts; ⑧ military establishment; ④ treaty case, ⑤ declaration of war and peace case; ⑥ appointment and dismissal of officials; Discussion matters; ⑧ Senate (Congress) sent