看过影片《悲惨世界》的人也许会记得这样一段情节:马车夫商马第被警长指认为前苦役犯冉阿让而被押上了法庭,而冉阿让的狱友们也一致指认其就是冉阿让。这时,已化名为马德兰的冉阿让挺身而出,这才避免了冤案发生。人证与物证是法庭判案的主要依据。人证即所谓的目击者证词,然而由于它一般是证人在相隔一段时间后对所发生事件的回忆,因而事实上它并不像人们所想的那样可靠。人们往往会以自己的方式解释所经历的事或人,并且很难把实际发生过的事和自己经过推理而认为理所当然发生 People who have seen the movie Les Miserables may remember the episode where the coachman, Marcus, was taken to court by a sheriff named Ranja, a former labor man, and Jean-Jean-Jean’s fellow prisoners unanimously identified It is Jean Valjean. At this moment, Jean Valjean, already known as Madelan, came forward to avoid injustice. Human evidence and material evidence is the main basis for the court case. The witness card is the so-called eyewitness testimony, but in fact it is not as reliable as people think because it is generally a reminder of what happened to the witness after some time. People often interpret what they experience or do in their own way, and it is hard to take for granted what actually happened and to reason themselves