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英国现代哲学家卡尔·波普尔从批判理性主义角度,对马克思主义的理论与实践展开了令人耳目一新的分析与批判。他认为,马克思主义的理论贡献之一在于它的历史主义。但事实上,历史主义只是一种致力于对社会实践进行整体规划与长远安排的不可证伪的教条式科学。我们应该倡导一种“零星社会工程”理念,在“猜想—反驳”的基础上遵循社会演进的本来规律。不过,波普尔同时又区别了马克思主义与马克思本人的理论,并对后者表达了自己由衷的敬佩之情。在思想史的意义上,这是审慎的理性对“理性的自负”的一次胜出,富于积极的理论价值,值得我们加以关注。
From the angle of critical rationalism, British modern philosopher Karl Popper launched a refreshing analysis and critique of the theory and practice of Marxism. He believes that one of the theoretical contributions of Marxism lies in its historicism. In fact, however, historicism is only a fictitious dogmatic science devoted to the overall planning and long-term arrangements for social practice. We should advocate a concept of “sporadic social engineering” and follow the original law of social evolution on the basis of “conjecture - refutation.” However, Popper at the same time distinguished Marxism and Marx’s own theory, and expressed his sincere respect for the latter. In the sense of the history of ideas, this is a win of prudent reason toward “rational egoism ”, rich in positive theoretical value and deserves our attention.