论文部分内容阅读
在英语中,被动意义常常可以通过改变句子的结构表达出来,如“be,get或become+过去分词”、“have+宾语+过去分词”等,这类形式上的被动句通常称为“结构被动句(syntactic passive)” (连淑能,1993)。但是,被动意义还可以通过主动的形式体现出来,这种句子称为“意义被动句(notional passive)” (连淑能,1993)。这种句子隐去了动作的真正执行者,而突出受事者,它说明事物的品质、特征或状况。在下列非被动形式的结构中常常含有被动的意义。
一、系动词
在英语中,系动词是没有被动形式的。但是,某些系动词,如prove,look,feel,smell,taste,sound,turn out等构成的系表结构,往往含有被动的意义。例如:
Sea water tastes bitter.
The plan turned out to be impractical.
二、不及物动词
在英语中,不及物动词是没有被动语态的。但是,有的不及物动词虽然形式是主动的,却含有被动意义,如come,occur,consist,belong,depend,run out,take place等。例如:
A strange idea suddenly occurred to her.
The 2008 Olympic Games will take place in Beijing.
三、及物动词用作不及物动词
在英语中,有许多动词既可以用作及物动词,又可以用作不及物动词,当用作不及物动词时,往往含有被动意义。如freeze,begin,start,starve,drown,improve,spread,go,let等。例如:
Most of his spare money has gone in computer games.
The flat lets for 1000 dollars a month.
这种用主动语态来表达被动意义的方式也常见于下列情况:
1.与副词搭配表示事物的某种特性,如sell,wear,read,write,wash,cook,burn,clean等。例如:
Glass cleans easily.
These shoes wear long.
2.某些“主+谓+主补”结构(薄冰,1999),如wear,blow,open等。例如:
The door blew open.
This cloth has worn thin.
3.在进行时中,用表示被动意义的主动形式以突出受事者所处的状态,如do,cook,print,finish,build等。例如:
The book is printing.
The house is building.
4.与can’t,won’t等连用,如start,move,open,close,shut,lock,burn等。例如:
The door won’t shut.
It can’t move.
四、及物动词
在英语中,有许多及物动词或动词词组用主动形式时含有被动意义:
1.某些表示施事行为的动词,如hurt,discover,settle,communicate,convey,persuade等,用“主动语态+自身代词”(张道真,1998)时,其意义相当于被动语态。例如:
I can’t persuade myself of his honesty.
He hurt himself while playing football.
2.含被动意义的及物动词或短语动词,如get,escape,pay for,answer for等。例如:
Her name escaped me.
He got the sack (axe,knock,air) for offending his boss.
3.表示受事行为的动词接表示动作的名词时,如suffer,receive,meet with等。例如:
The guests received a warm welcome.
His speech met with a cold acceptance.
4.某些表示施事行为的动词接主语自身的部位名词,如hurt,break,catch等。例如:
He hurt his legs while playing football.
He caught his foot on a tree stub.
5.deserve,merit,need,want,require等动词以及be worth,be worthy of等接表示动作的名词。例如:
If you do wrong,you deserve punishment.
He needs a haircut to improve his appearance.
6.deserve,merit,need,want,require等动词以及be worth接动名词的主动式。例如:
This book is well worth reading.
The flower wants watering.
五、不定式的主动式
1.不定式作状语
“表示品质特点等的形容词+不定式的主动式”作状语也可以表示被动意义。例如:
He is amusing to talk to.
The problem is too difficult to solve.
2.不定式作定语
不定式主动式作定语时,往往暗示某种倾向或目的用途等。例如:
He is a good person to depend on.
What a time to choose!
3.不定式作表语
某些动词,如blame,let,see,find,seek,do等不定式作表语时,用的是“主动形式,却有被动的意思”(张道真,1984),说明受事者所处的状态或说话者的看法,而并非事前安排要做的事。例如:
Who is to blame for it?
Much is yet (or still) to do.
六、形容词
在英语中,有许多形容词也含有被动意义,如由及物动词派生出来的以-able,-ible结尾的形容词以及welcome,ready,subject,on,off等,这些意义被动的形容词并非用来说明动作,而是事物的某种特性或所处的状态。例如:
His proposal is quite acceptable.
Everything is ready.
七、介词短语
在英语中,有许多介词在接表示动作的名词时,含有被动的意义,如at,for,in,above,beyond,on,off,under,with,without,out of等。例如:
This is not for sale.
A new library is under construction.
总之,英语的表达方式千姿百态。我们在学习和使用英语的过程中,要特别注意表达形式的多样性,根据不同的语境灵活使用,才能够达到真正掌握英语并在交际中得体地使用英语顺利完成交际的目的。
参考文献:
[1]薄冰.英语语法[M].北京:开明出版社,1999.
[2]连淑能.英汉对比研究[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1993.
[3]张道真.实用英语语法[M].北京:商务印书馆,1984.
[4]张道真,温志达.英语语法大全(上)[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1998.
一、系动词
在英语中,系动词是没有被动形式的。但是,某些系动词,如prove,look,feel,smell,taste,sound,turn out等构成的系表结构,往往含有被动的意义。例如:
Sea water tastes bitter.
The plan turned out to be impractical.
二、不及物动词
在英语中,不及物动词是没有被动语态的。但是,有的不及物动词虽然形式是主动的,却含有被动意义,如come,occur,consist,belong,depend,run out,take place等。例如:
A strange idea suddenly occurred to her.
The 2008 Olympic Games will take place in Beijing.
三、及物动词用作不及物动词
在英语中,有许多动词既可以用作及物动词,又可以用作不及物动词,当用作不及物动词时,往往含有被动意义。如freeze,begin,start,starve,drown,improve,spread,go,let等。例如:
Most of his spare money has gone in computer games.
The flat lets for 1000 dollars a month.
这种用主动语态来表达被动意义的方式也常见于下列情况:
1.与副词搭配表示事物的某种特性,如sell,wear,read,write,wash,cook,burn,clean等。例如:
Glass cleans easily.
These shoes wear long.
2.某些“主+谓+主补”结构(薄冰,1999),如wear,blow,open等。例如:
The door blew open.
This cloth has worn thin.
3.在进行时中,用表示被动意义的主动形式以突出受事者所处的状态,如do,cook,print,finish,build等。例如:
The book is printing.
The house is building.
4.与can’t,won’t等连用,如start,move,open,close,shut,lock,burn等。例如:
The door won’t shut.
It can’t move.
四、及物动词
在英语中,有许多及物动词或动词词组用主动形式时含有被动意义:
1.某些表示施事行为的动词,如hurt,discover,settle,communicate,convey,persuade等,用“主动语态+自身代词”(张道真,1998)时,其意义相当于被动语态。例如:
I can’t persuade myself of his honesty.
He hurt himself while playing football.
2.含被动意义的及物动词或短语动词,如get,escape,pay for,answer for等。例如:
Her name escaped me.
He got the sack (axe,knock,air) for offending his boss.
3.表示受事行为的动词接表示动作的名词时,如suffer,receive,meet with等。例如:
The guests received a warm welcome.
His speech met with a cold acceptance.
4.某些表示施事行为的动词接主语自身的部位名词,如hurt,break,catch等。例如:
He hurt his legs while playing football.
He caught his foot on a tree stub.
5.deserve,merit,need,want,require等动词以及be worth,be worthy of等接表示动作的名词。例如:
If you do wrong,you deserve punishment.
He needs a haircut to improve his appearance.
6.deserve,merit,need,want,require等动词以及be worth接动名词的主动式。例如:
This book is well worth reading.
The flower wants watering.
五、不定式的主动式
1.不定式作状语
“表示品质特点等的形容词+不定式的主动式”作状语也可以表示被动意义。例如:
He is amusing to talk to.
The problem is too difficult to solve.
2.不定式作定语
不定式主动式作定语时,往往暗示某种倾向或目的用途等。例如:
He is a good person to depend on.
What a time to choose!
3.不定式作表语
某些动词,如blame,let,see,find,seek,do等不定式作表语时,用的是“主动形式,却有被动的意思”(张道真,1984),说明受事者所处的状态或说话者的看法,而并非事前安排要做的事。例如:
Who is to blame for it?
Much is yet (or still) to do.
六、形容词
在英语中,有许多形容词也含有被动意义,如由及物动词派生出来的以-able,-ible结尾的形容词以及welcome,ready,subject,on,off等,这些意义被动的形容词并非用来说明动作,而是事物的某种特性或所处的状态。例如:
His proposal is quite acceptable.
Everything is ready.
七、介词短语
在英语中,有许多介词在接表示动作的名词时,含有被动的意义,如at,for,in,above,beyond,on,off,under,with,without,out of等。例如:
This is not for sale.
A new library is under construction.
总之,英语的表达方式千姿百态。我们在学习和使用英语的过程中,要特别注意表达形式的多样性,根据不同的语境灵活使用,才能够达到真正掌握英语并在交际中得体地使用英语顺利完成交际的目的。
参考文献:
[1]薄冰.英语语法[M].北京:开明出版社,1999.
[2]连淑能.英汉对比研究[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1993.
[3]张道真.实用英语语法[M].北京:商务印书馆,1984.
[4]张道真,温志达.英语语法大全(上)[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1998.