清中叶以降,边防松弛,外患日偪,因而“海防”与“塞防”之议成为朝廷内外关注的问题,一些主张经世致用的知识分子渐致力于边疆问题的研求。梁启超曾对这一学术思潮作过中肯的评价,他认为:“自乾隆后边徼多事,嘉道间学者渐留意西北边新疆、青海、西藏、蒙古诸地理。”尤提及徐松、张穆、何秋涛为最名家,并把这门新兴学术概括进“清学”中去;但与此同时,他又慨叹地理学的不重现状,说:“清代地理学偏于考古,故活学变为死学,惟据全祖望著《刘献廷传》,知献廷有意治‘人文 Therefore, the negotiation between ”Haiphong“ and ”Preventing Anti-Japanese War“ has become the focus of attention both inside and outside the imperial court. Some intellectuals advocating the adoption of the world are gradually working on the research of frontier issues . Liang Qichao once made a fair evaluation of this academic trend, saying: ”There are many things from Qianlong’s rear area, and scholars in Jiadao gradually focus on the geographies of Xinjiang, Qinghai, Tibet and Mongolia in the northwest.“ In particular, Zhang Mu, He Qiutao as the most famous, and this emerging academic summarized into ”Qing study“; but at the same time, he also lamented the unreproduction of geography, said: ” Archeology, so live to learn to die, but according to Quanzu looking at “Liu Xian Ting Biography”, Zhi Xian Ting intentional treatment of ’humanities