一、历史观与方法论彭刚指出,20世纪西方史学理论中关于历史学性质、历史学家工作与过往历史实在之间关系的看法,可以区分为重构论、建构论与解构论三种观点。在重构论看来,历史学家的历史是尽可能逼近历史实在;在建构论看来,历史学家的历史是以特定历史学家的特定视角呈现史家对历史某个面相的理解;解构论则认定,人们无从突破史料的限制或 I. Historical Viewpoint and Methodology Peng Gang pointed out that in the 20th century Western historiography theory, the viewpoints on the nature of history, the relationship between the work of historians and the historical reality of the past can be divided into three types: reconstructionism, constructionism and deconstruction . In the view of reconstruction theory, the history of historians is as close to historical reality as possible; in the view of constructivism, the history of historians presents historians’ understanding of certain aspects of history from the perspective of a particular historian; On the other hand, people have no way to break through the limitations of historical materials or