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当宽带作为一个新生事物,被专家和媒体描绘得美丽无比时,人们也对宽带充满了许多美好的预期。然而,等宽带作为一个时髦的概念走进人们生活的时候,当宽带运营商从跑马圈地逐步到开工建设的时候,人们发现宽带也有不尽人意的地方。这个“广阔”的市场并没有出现预期的抢手,反而使人陷入了两难的境地。
宽带的尴尬
在2000年底到2001年初互联网泡沫破灭后,宽带开始成为资本市场和投资家们追逐的新热点,在媒体一浪高过一浪炒作下,怀着对未来巨大市场的憧憬,电信、广电、联通、众多上市公司、系统集成商纷纷投入到宽带的建设和运营中。围绕着宽带网络的建设与推广,厂商们在骨干网、城域网和社区网上展开了激烈的竞争。在这一过程中开始出现诸多公司拼命地抢地盘、签用户,扩展自身的经营规模。宽带之所以如此受到投资界的追捧,是因为它解决了互联网难以解决的赢利问题。人们设想,通过宽带可以开展五花八门的增殖服务,比如视频点播、远程教育、电子商务、网络银行、远程医疗等等。而这一切都是可以理直气壮地收费。然而实际情况如何呢?
但迄今为此,还仅仅是雷声大,雨点小,各宽带运营商的宽带网络普遍开工不足。一个普遍现象使:大量的小区签了宽带协议,却迟迟没有进行宽带建设或改造。据了解,造成宽带开工率和开通率不高的原因,主要是签约过多,过快,而工程开工建设的准备需要一定时间,许多小区只能等待宽带运营商们的逐步安排;另外有些小区宽带用户较少,达不到开通的经济标准,宽带运营商就等待用户到达一定的数量后才开通。
宽带在其发展的相当长时间内能够拿得出手的增值服务也就是视频点播。而视频点播这一业务本身也是困难重重。——是既安装了宽带又能接收有线电视的家庭用户是否会选择视频点播是个很大的问题。二是内容提供商要买这些影片的播放权也是一笔很大的支出。可以说,宽带运营商带给用户的只有接入而没有增值服务。而没有增值服务,宽带对用户的吸引力将大打折扣,导致用户不使用或较少使用宽带,从而宽带运营商们的巨额投资无法收回。
麦肯锡公司提供的数据显示,2001年在我国的宽带市场上,总共形成的毛收入在2~3亿左右,而投入却有150亿元。投资过多回报太少,这就是我国宽带市场的现状。现在,看不到盈利希望的宽带运营商已感到资金链条吃紧,心有余而力不足,开始收手了。早在去年下半年,中国电信的宽带策略已经改变,它要求各地根据实际情况,本着盈利目的推广ADSL业务。被视为宽带领域“黑马”的长城宽带在一年前曾意气风发地宣称要在3年之内投资50亿元发展1000万宽带用户,而如今在花掉13亿之后,一直没有盈利。在资本和业务的高速路上狂奔之后,长城宽带最终选择了刹车。中国网通两年来在宽带上投资超过120亿元,而收入没有多少,在宽带业务上产生了亏损。中国网通将会在新公司整合完毕之后将大部分精力集中在传统业务上,其在宽带上也将停止扩张。
宽带的“症结”
宽带,这样一个阳光产业,现在面对的却是黑色泥潭。对此,互联网实验室总裁谢文认为宽带的现状是在一个错误的时间,错误的预期,错误的模式,错误的演员综合作用下形成的。所谓错误的时间是指互联网的泡沫刚刚破灭;错误的预期是指投资者希望短期盈利或资产迅速增值;错误的模式是指目前宽带只是热在接人,而不是增值服务;现在的宽带公司都没有从事窄带ISP或ICP业务的经验,这使它们成为一批错误的演员。
四个错误论是理性反思的结果。而从商业模式上来看,我们应看到宽带产业链条已经被“锁死”。这里面有一个先有“鸡”还是先有“蛋”的问题。即先发展宽带接入还是先发展宽带内容。一方面,宽带接人面临着既要去圈地又害怕增值服务吸引不了用户而导致网络运营不了的两难选择;另—方面,内容提供商在现阶段突然发现,除了能提供视频点播外,宽带似乎比窄带高明不了多少,而且在经过.com的泡沫后,哪家内容供应商会毫不犹豫地投资在全国各地分布不均、独立分割且只有100万的宽带用户上?内容供应商,宽带接入商还有骨干运营商,这些角色本应环环相扣,但大家却不约而同地按兵不动,信守一个字一等。没有人愿意把自己的钱先牺牲出去,变为沉没成本。整个产业链条缺少整合服务的环节,已经断裂,这就是宽带的“症结”。
面对断裂的产业链条,宽带的成功根本得靠商业模式,而商业模式的成功根本得靠内容。用好的商业模式来整合整个产业链条,使其有效运行。而好的商业模式得建立在好的内容之上,没有内容·切都是空谈,只有从内容上吸引客户,让使用者感受到宽带的真正乐趣,宽带作为不同于窄带的网络才能被赋予新的生命,才能产生价值。
商业模式
商业模式指的是在内容供应商,宽带接人商,骨干运营商之间建立合理的利益分配模式。那么应该建立怎样的利益分配模式呢?
首先应在内容供应商与宽带接入商之间进行利益的第一次分配。为了有效的赢利,内容提供商提供多样化的增值服务来开发和拓展,赢利后利润首先在内容提供商与宽带接入商之间进行分配。在这个过程中,内容提供商应居主导地位。
其次,在宽带接人商与骨干网运营商之间进行利益的再分配。在内容提供商与宽带接入商进行分配时,它们二者是处于对等的地位。在宽带接入商与骨干网运营商分配的阶段,骨干网运营商则处于另一层次的参与者,基本上算是“后台人物”。就分配的利益内容来说,主要是宽带接人商付给骨干运营商的那一部分线路占有费和设备租用费。
在内容建设上,内容提供商应该与其他厂商及门户网站和城域网等合作,提供以个性化为指向、以多媒体呈现、具有互动性的综合增值服务。这样才能吸引用户,而且还可以衍生出一些新型的增值服务。此外,宽带内容市场的相关政策和法规应该健全。视频点播、实时音乐、实时游戏等的版权问题也应想办法彻底解决,否则会影响它们快速充实到宽带上。
Broadband Industry in Predicament
By Dai Feng
About a year after a nationwide crazefor its development, China‘s broadbandindustry now finds itself in a predicament.The reason is pretty simple: returns foroperators are too small to match theinvestment they have made in the industry.
Around the end of 2000, broadbandservices were a popular target forinvestors. That followed bursting of anInternet bubble. Dreaming to conquer amarket even larger than the Internet, ChinaTelecom, China Unicom and many otherlisted companies lost no time to getinvolved in broadband business. They sawbroadband services a source of stableprofits, to which people in huge numberswould subscribe.
The dream was shattered before long.Statistics from the Mckinsey Companyshow that in 2001, the gross output valueof the broadband industry stood at 200-300 million yuan (US$24-36 million), incontrast to a capital injection amountingto 15 billion yuan (USS 1.8 billion) in total.
The economic results, which were sopoor relative to the venture capital input,made both developers and operatorsskeptical. China Telecom has decided toslow down the expansion of its broadbandnetwork. It will try to provideasynchronous digital subscriber line(ADSL), a type of broadband service, onlywhen sure of a profit. The GreatwallBroadband Company has lashed down anambitious plan to invest five billion yuan(US$602 million) in broadband servicesand lure in 10 million subscribers in threeyears.
There are four reasons for such a stateof affair, according to Xie Wen, presidentof the Internet Lab Inc.
First of all, he said, timing forbroadband craze was wrong, as it camewhen the Internet fever had just cooleddown. Secondly, investors wronglythought that broadband services wouldsurely generate quick money. Thirdly, theyused a "wrong operating mode" to expandthe broadband business, a model thatfocuses on increasing connections tosubscribers instead of providing them withmore and better content service. Finally,broadband companies had failed to dowell as Intemet service providers (ISP) orInternet content providers (ICP). Theywere "wrong players" because they beganengaging in broadband services withoutan adequate knowledge of networkoperation.
In my opinion, two issues are vitalto the development of China‘s broadbandindustry. One is how to properly distributeprofits among broadband contentsuppliers on one hand and broadbanddevelopers and operators on the other. Theother is how to multiply the broadbandcontent service. Companies providingbroadband content should get a biggershare of the profits - if any -- because theirservice determines the number ofsubscribers and how long they will usebroadband services.
There are a few suggestions forimproving broadband content service.First, multi-media and interactive servicewith special characteristics should beprovided to broadband surfers. Secondly,Internet web stations should not beseparated from the broadband service. Theoutstanding program producers at webstations and their market awarenessshould be utilized in broadband contentsupply. Thirdly, companies of broadbandcontent service should cooperate witheach other in running urban networks atleast. They should integrate their serviceson the same platforms, to ensure thatsubscribers to broadband services willhave access to richer and more colorfulcontent.
After all, popular broadband servicessuch as video on demand (VOD), real-time music and games have all involveproperty rights. In view of this, thegovernment should formulate a set ofpolicies and statutes effective enough toensure a fast and healthy development ofthe broadband industry.
宽带的尴尬
在2000年底到2001年初互联网泡沫破灭后,宽带开始成为资本市场和投资家们追逐的新热点,在媒体一浪高过一浪炒作下,怀着对未来巨大市场的憧憬,电信、广电、联通、众多上市公司、系统集成商纷纷投入到宽带的建设和运营中。围绕着宽带网络的建设与推广,厂商们在骨干网、城域网和社区网上展开了激烈的竞争。在这一过程中开始出现诸多公司拼命地抢地盘、签用户,扩展自身的经营规模。宽带之所以如此受到投资界的追捧,是因为它解决了互联网难以解决的赢利问题。人们设想,通过宽带可以开展五花八门的增殖服务,比如视频点播、远程教育、电子商务、网络银行、远程医疗等等。而这一切都是可以理直气壮地收费。然而实际情况如何呢?
但迄今为此,还仅仅是雷声大,雨点小,各宽带运营商的宽带网络普遍开工不足。一个普遍现象使:大量的小区签了宽带协议,却迟迟没有进行宽带建设或改造。据了解,造成宽带开工率和开通率不高的原因,主要是签约过多,过快,而工程开工建设的准备需要一定时间,许多小区只能等待宽带运营商们的逐步安排;另外有些小区宽带用户较少,达不到开通的经济标准,宽带运营商就等待用户到达一定的数量后才开通。
宽带在其发展的相当长时间内能够拿得出手的增值服务也就是视频点播。而视频点播这一业务本身也是困难重重。——是既安装了宽带又能接收有线电视的家庭用户是否会选择视频点播是个很大的问题。二是内容提供商要买这些影片的播放权也是一笔很大的支出。可以说,宽带运营商带给用户的只有接入而没有增值服务。而没有增值服务,宽带对用户的吸引力将大打折扣,导致用户不使用或较少使用宽带,从而宽带运营商们的巨额投资无法收回。
麦肯锡公司提供的数据显示,2001年在我国的宽带市场上,总共形成的毛收入在2~3亿左右,而投入却有150亿元。投资过多回报太少,这就是我国宽带市场的现状。现在,看不到盈利希望的宽带运营商已感到资金链条吃紧,心有余而力不足,开始收手了。早在去年下半年,中国电信的宽带策略已经改变,它要求各地根据实际情况,本着盈利目的推广ADSL业务。被视为宽带领域“黑马”的长城宽带在一年前曾意气风发地宣称要在3年之内投资50亿元发展1000万宽带用户,而如今在花掉13亿之后,一直没有盈利。在资本和业务的高速路上狂奔之后,长城宽带最终选择了刹车。中国网通两年来在宽带上投资超过120亿元,而收入没有多少,在宽带业务上产生了亏损。中国网通将会在新公司整合完毕之后将大部分精力集中在传统业务上,其在宽带上也将停止扩张。
宽带的“症结”
宽带,这样一个阳光产业,现在面对的却是黑色泥潭。对此,互联网实验室总裁谢文认为宽带的现状是在一个错误的时间,错误的预期,错误的模式,错误的演员综合作用下形成的。所谓错误的时间是指互联网的泡沫刚刚破灭;错误的预期是指投资者希望短期盈利或资产迅速增值;错误的模式是指目前宽带只是热在接人,而不是增值服务;现在的宽带公司都没有从事窄带ISP或ICP业务的经验,这使它们成为一批错误的演员。
四个错误论是理性反思的结果。而从商业模式上来看,我们应看到宽带产业链条已经被“锁死”。这里面有一个先有“鸡”还是先有“蛋”的问题。即先发展宽带接入还是先发展宽带内容。一方面,宽带接人面临着既要去圈地又害怕增值服务吸引不了用户而导致网络运营不了的两难选择;另—方面,内容提供商在现阶段突然发现,除了能提供视频点播外,宽带似乎比窄带高明不了多少,而且在经过.com的泡沫后,哪家内容供应商会毫不犹豫地投资在全国各地分布不均、独立分割且只有100万的宽带用户上?内容供应商,宽带接入商还有骨干运营商,这些角色本应环环相扣,但大家却不约而同地按兵不动,信守一个字一等。没有人愿意把自己的钱先牺牲出去,变为沉没成本。整个产业链条缺少整合服务的环节,已经断裂,这就是宽带的“症结”。
面对断裂的产业链条,宽带的成功根本得靠商业模式,而商业模式的成功根本得靠内容。用好的商业模式来整合整个产业链条,使其有效运行。而好的商业模式得建立在好的内容之上,没有内容·切都是空谈,只有从内容上吸引客户,让使用者感受到宽带的真正乐趣,宽带作为不同于窄带的网络才能被赋予新的生命,才能产生价值。
商业模式
商业模式指的是在内容供应商,宽带接人商,骨干运营商之间建立合理的利益分配模式。那么应该建立怎样的利益分配模式呢?
首先应在内容供应商与宽带接入商之间进行利益的第一次分配。为了有效的赢利,内容提供商提供多样化的增值服务来开发和拓展,赢利后利润首先在内容提供商与宽带接入商之间进行分配。在这个过程中,内容提供商应居主导地位。
其次,在宽带接人商与骨干网运营商之间进行利益的再分配。在内容提供商与宽带接入商进行分配时,它们二者是处于对等的地位。在宽带接入商与骨干网运营商分配的阶段,骨干网运营商则处于另一层次的参与者,基本上算是“后台人物”。就分配的利益内容来说,主要是宽带接人商付给骨干运营商的那一部分线路占有费和设备租用费。
在内容建设上,内容提供商应该与其他厂商及门户网站和城域网等合作,提供以个性化为指向、以多媒体呈现、具有互动性的综合增值服务。这样才能吸引用户,而且还可以衍生出一些新型的增值服务。此外,宽带内容市场的相关政策和法规应该健全。视频点播、实时音乐、实时游戏等的版权问题也应想办法彻底解决,否则会影响它们快速充实到宽带上。
Broadband Industry in Predicament
By Dai Feng
About a year after a nationwide crazefor its development, China‘s broadbandindustry now finds itself in a predicament.The reason is pretty simple: returns foroperators are too small to match theinvestment they have made in the industry.
Around the end of 2000, broadbandservices were a popular target forinvestors. That followed bursting of anInternet bubble. Dreaming to conquer amarket even larger than the Internet, ChinaTelecom, China Unicom and many otherlisted companies lost no time to getinvolved in broadband business. They sawbroadband services a source of stableprofits, to which people in huge numberswould subscribe.
The dream was shattered before long.Statistics from the Mckinsey Companyshow that in 2001, the gross output valueof the broadband industry stood at 200-300 million yuan (US$24-36 million), incontrast to a capital injection amountingto 15 billion yuan (USS 1.8 billion) in total.
The economic results, which were sopoor relative to the venture capital input,made both developers and operatorsskeptical. China Telecom has decided toslow down the expansion of its broadbandnetwork. It will try to provideasynchronous digital subscriber line(ADSL), a type of broadband service, onlywhen sure of a profit. The GreatwallBroadband Company has lashed down anambitious plan to invest five billion yuan(US$602 million) in broadband servicesand lure in 10 million subscribers in threeyears.
There are four reasons for such a stateof affair, according to Xie Wen, presidentof the Internet Lab Inc.
First of all, he said, timing forbroadband craze was wrong, as it camewhen the Internet fever had just cooleddown. Secondly, investors wronglythought that broadband services wouldsurely generate quick money. Thirdly, theyused a "wrong operating mode" to expandthe broadband business, a model thatfocuses on increasing connections tosubscribers instead of providing them withmore and better content service. Finally,broadband companies had failed to dowell as Intemet service providers (ISP) orInternet content providers (ICP). Theywere "wrong players" because they beganengaging in broadband services withoutan adequate knowledge of networkoperation.
In my opinion, two issues are vitalto the development of China‘s broadbandindustry. One is how to properly distributeprofits among broadband contentsuppliers on one hand and broadbanddevelopers and operators on the other. Theother is how to multiply the broadbandcontent service. Companies providingbroadband content should get a biggershare of the profits - if any -- because theirservice determines the number ofsubscribers and how long they will usebroadband services.
There are a few suggestions forimproving broadband content service.First, multi-media and interactive servicewith special characteristics should beprovided to broadband surfers. Secondly,Internet web stations should not beseparated from the broadband service. Theoutstanding program producers at webstations and their market awarenessshould be utilized in broadband contentsupply. Thirdly, companies of broadbandcontent service should cooperate witheach other in running urban networks atleast. They should integrate their serviceson the same platforms, to ensure thatsubscribers to broadband services willhave access to richer and more colorfulcontent.
After all, popular broadband servicessuch as video on demand (VOD), real-time music and games have all involveproperty rights. In view of this, thegovernment should formulate a set ofpolicies and statutes effective enough toensure a fast and healthy development ofthe broadband industry.