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在高考英语试卷中，对定语从句的考查是必不可少的；同时，它也是高中英语教学中的重点和难点。笔者通过对近几年全国各地高考试卷该类试题的思考、分析、归类，总结出以下常见题干设计类型，供高三复习参考，目的在于提高高三复习效果。
一、从句可紧跟在先行词之后；亦可相隔
例1：The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere his employees enjoy their work.（2015年 天津卷）
A. where B. which
C. when D. who
分析：先行词atmosphere在定从中做状语，表示“氛围”，故选A；从句紧跟在先行词之后。
例2：Among the many dangers sailors have to face， probably the greatest of all is fog. （2014年 江西卷）
A. which B. what
C. where D. when
分析：先行词dangers在定从中做face的宾语，故选A；从句紧跟在先行词之后。
例3：After the flooding， people were suffering in that area， urgently needed clean water， medicine and shelter to survive.（2012年 江苏卷）
A. which B. who
C. where D. what
分析：根据句意，先行词是people，而非that area，且在定从中做主语，指人，故选B；从句与先行词相隔。
二、表示时间、地点的名词做先行词，在定从中做状语，常用when， where引导定从；亦可做其他成分，用关系代词引导
例1：As the smallest child of his family， Alex is always longing for the time he should be able to be independent.（2015年 陕西卷）
A. which B. where
C. whom D. when
分析：先行词为the time，在定从中做时间状语，故选D。
例2：Opposite is St. Pauls Church， you can hear some lovely music.（2015年 北京卷）
A. which B. that
C. when D. where
分析：先行词为St. Pauls Church，在定从中做地点状语，故选D。
例3：The exact year Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008. （2014年 安徽卷）
A. when B. where
C. why D. which
分析：先行词为The exact year，在定从中做spent的宾语，故选关系代词D。
例4：It is a truly delightful place， looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.（2015年 湖南卷）
A. as B. where
C. that D. which
分析：先行词a truly delightful place在非限制性定从中做主语，故选关系代词which。
三、which引导定从，可指代先行词；亦可放在主句之后，指代整个主句
例1：I borrow the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week， my classmates recommended to me.（2014年 北京卷）
A. who B. which
C. when D. where
分析：先行词the book在定从中做recommended的宾语，选B，which指代先行词。
例2：China Today attracts a worldwide readership， shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.（2015年 福建卷）
A. who B. whom
C. that D. which
分析：句意是“《今日中国》吸引全世界读者，这表明世界上越来越多的人想理解中国”，整个主句为先行词，在非限制性定从中做主语，故选D。
四、as和which引导非限制性定从，置于句中：as可指代整个主句，而which只能指代其前面的词或句
例1：That evening， I will tell you more about later， I ended up working very late.（2012年 全国II卷）
A. that B. which
C. what D. when
分析：先行词That evening在非限制性定从中做about的宾语，选故B，which指代先行词。 例2：The number of smokers， is reported， has dropped by 17 percent in just one year. （2015年 江苏卷）
A. it B. which
C. what D. as
分析：报道的内容不是“吸烟的人数”，而是“吸烟的人数在仅一年的时间里下降了17%”， 故选D，as指代整个主句。
五、as is + 名词（如as is often the case），as is + 过去分词（as is known / shown / expected等）为常见考题，as皆为“正如，就像”的意思
例1：There is no simple answer， is often the case in science.（2013年 山东卷）
A. as B. that
C. when D. where
例2： is often the case with children， Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived. （2013年 陕西卷）
A. It B. That
C. What D. As
分析：例1、2为as is often the case结构，置于句末和句首，选A和D。
六、在某些介词短语中，如in this way， in that case， by this means等，含this / that等指示代词，转换成定从后，常用which替代
例1：He may win the competition， he is likely to get into the national team. （2013年 辽宁卷）
A. in which case B. in that case
C. in what case D. in whose case
分析：根据句间逗号判断，为非限制性定从，用which替代指示代词，故选A。
例2：They stayed with me three weeks， they drank all the wine I had.
A. which B. which time
C. during which time D. during which
分析：根据句间逗号判断，为非限制性定从，用which替代指示代词，故选C。
七、介词+ which / whom引导定从，介词的选择要考虑与先行词的搭配及产生的意义差别
例1：The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication， especially at work a good impression is a must.（2014年 江苏卷）
A. which B. when
C. as D. where
分析：先行词为work，在定从中做地点状语，故选D。此类设题的常见先行词还有atmosphere， activity， environment， position， process等，where或in which引导定从皆可。
例2：September 30 is the day which you must pay your bill.（2014年 全国大纲卷）
A. by B. for
C. with D. in
分析：句意为“你必须在9月30日前结账”，by有“到……为止，在……之前”的意思，故选A。
八、each， both， some， half， most， all + of + which / whom， 表示部分或全部
例1：He wrote many children s books， nearly half of were published in the 1990s.（2015年 重庆卷）
A. whom B. which
C. them D. That
分析：根据句间逗号判断，为非限制性定从，表示部分且指代books，故选B。
例2：English is a language shared by several diverse cultures， uses it differently. （2014年 天津卷）
A. all of which B. each of which
C. all of them D. each of them
分析：根据句间逗号判断，为非限制性定从，排除C和D，又根据定从谓动uses，主语应是单数，故选B。
巩固练习
1. Creating an atmosphere employees feel part of a team is a big challenge. （2015年 浙江卷）
A. as B. whose
C. in which D. at which
2. The books on the desk， covers are shiny， are prizes for us. （2015年 四川卷）
A. which B. what
C. whose D. that
3. Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon school education depends. （2015年 安徽卷） A. it B. that
C. whose D. which
4. Students should involve themselves in community activities they can gain experience for growth. （2014年 福建卷）
A. who B. when
C. which D. where
5. I am looking forward to the day my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her. （2014年 湖南卷）
A. as B. why
C. when D. where
6. Please send us all the information you have about the candidate for the position. （2014年 陕西卷）
A. that B. which
C. as D. what
7. Until now， we have raised 50，000 pounds for the poor children， is quite unexpected. （2014年 四川卷）
A. that B. which
C. who D. it
8. Well reach the sales targets in a month we set at the beginning of the year. （2014年 重庆卷）
A. which B. where
C. when D. what
9. I dont become a serious climber until the fifth grade， I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree. （2014年 浙江卷）
A. when B. where
C. which D. why
10. A company profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad. （2014年 山东卷）
A. which B. whose
C. who D. why
11. Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012， made one of the Chinese peoples longheld dreams come true. （2013年 安徽卷）
A. it B. that
C. what D. which
12. Many countries are now setting up national parks animals and plants can be protected. （2013年 北京卷）
A. when B. which
C. whose D. where
13. The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those lives were affected. （2013年 福建卷）
A. whose B. that
C. who D. which
14. Happiness and success often come to those are good at recognizing their own strengths. （2013年 湖南卷）
A. whom B. who
C. what D. which
15. The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China， he remembers starting as early as his childhood. （2013年 江苏卷）
A. where B. which
C. what D. when
16. He wrote a letter he explains what had happened in the accident. （2013年 江西卷）
A. what B. which
C. where D. how
17. Finally he reached a lonely island was completely cut off from the outside world. （2013年 山东卷）
A. when B. where
C. which D. whom
18. Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment they live. （2013年 四川卷）
A. what B. which
C. when D. where
19. We have launched another manmade satellite， is announced in todays newspaper. （2013年 天津卷） A. that B. which
C. who D. what
20. When I arrived， Bryan took me to see the house I would be staying. （2013年 全国Ⅱ）
A. what B. when
C. where D. which
21. John invited about 40 people to his wedding， most of are family members. （2013年 重庆卷）
A. them B. that
C. which D. whom
22. “You cant judge a book by its cover，” . （2013课标全国卷Ⅰ）
A. as the saying goes old
B. goes as the old saying
C. as the old saying goes
D. goes as old the saying
23. An ecosystem consists of the living and nonliving things in an area interact with one another. （2013年 上海卷）
A. that B. where
C. who D. what
24. The museum will open in the spring with an exhibition and a viewing platform visitors can watch the big glasshouses being built. （2013年 浙江卷）
A. what B. where
C. when D. why
25. The children， had played the whole day long， were worn out. （2013年 浙江卷）
A. all of what B. all of which
C. all of them D. all of whom
参考答案
1—5 CCDDC 6—10 BBAAB 11—15 DDABB 16—20 CCDBC 21—25 DCABD
（作者：朱先忠，江苏省镇江中学）
一、从句可紧跟在先行词之后；亦可相隔
例1：The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere his employees enjoy their work.（2015年 天津卷）
A. where B. which
C. when D. who
分析：先行词atmosphere在定从中做状语，表示“氛围”，故选A；从句紧跟在先行词之后。
例2：Among the many dangers sailors have to face， probably the greatest of all is fog. （2014年 江西卷）
A. which B. what
C. where D. when
分析：先行词dangers在定从中做face的宾语，故选A；从句紧跟在先行词之后。
例3：After the flooding， people were suffering in that area， urgently needed clean water， medicine and shelter to survive.（2012年 江苏卷）
A. which B. who
C. where D. what
分析：根据句意，先行词是people，而非that area，且在定从中做主语，指人，故选B；从句与先行词相隔。
二、表示时间、地点的名词做先行词，在定从中做状语，常用when， where引导定从；亦可做其他成分，用关系代词引导
例1：As the smallest child of his family， Alex is always longing for the time he should be able to be independent.（2015年 陕西卷）
A. which B. where
C. whom D. when
分析：先行词为the time，在定从中做时间状语，故选D。
例2：Opposite is St. Pauls Church， you can hear some lovely music.（2015年 北京卷）
A. which B. that
C. when D. where
分析：先行词为St. Pauls Church，在定从中做地点状语，故选D。
例3：The exact year Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008. （2014年 安徽卷）
A. when B. where
C. why D. which
分析：先行词为The exact year，在定从中做spent的宾语，故选关系代词D。
例4：It is a truly delightful place， looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.（2015年 湖南卷）
A. as B. where
C. that D. which
分析：先行词a truly delightful place在非限制性定从中做主语，故选关系代词which。
三、which引导定从，可指代先行词；亦可放在主句之后，指代整个主句
例1：I borrow the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week， my classmates recommended to me.（2014年 北京卷）
A. who B. which
C. when D. where
分析：先行词the book在定从中做recommended的宾语，选B，which指代先行词。
例2：China Today attracts a worldwide readership， shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.（2015年 福建卷）
A. who B. whom
C. that D. which
分析：句意是“《今日中国》吸引全世界读者，这表明世界上越来越多的人想理解中国”，整个主句为先行词，在非限制性定从中做主语，故选D。
四、as和which引导非限制性定从，置于句中：as可指代整个主句，而which只能指代其前面的词或句
例1：That evening， I will tell you more about later， I ended up working very late.（2012年 全国II卷）
A. that B. which
C. what D. when
分析：先行词That evening在非限制性定从中做about的宾语，选故B，which指代先行词。 例2：The number of smokers， is reported， has dropped by 17 percent in just one year. （2015年 江苏卷）
A. it B. which
C. what D. as
分析：报道的内容不是“吸烟的人数”，而是“吸烟的人数在仅一年的时间里下降了17%”， 故选D，as指代整个主句。
五、as is + 名词（如as is often the case），as is + 过去分词（as is known / shown / expected等）为常见考题，as皆为“正如，就像”的意思
例1：There is no simple answer， is often the case in science.（2013年 山东卷）
A. as B. that
C. when D. where
例2： is often the case with children， Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived. （2013年 陕西卷）
A. It B. That
C. What D. As
分析：例1、2为as is often the case结构，置于句末和句首，选A和D。
六、在某些介词短语中，如in this way， in that case， by this means等，含this / that等指示代词，转换成定从后，常用which替代
例1：He may win the competition， he is likely to get into the national team. （2013年 辽宁卷）
A. in which case B. in that case
C. in what case D. in whose case
分析：根据句间逗号判断，为非限制性定从，用which替代指示代词，故选A。
例2：They stayed with me three weeks， they drank all the wine I had.
A. which B. which time
C. during which time D. during which
分析：根据句间逗号判断，为非限制性定从，用which替代指示代词，故选C。
七、介词+ which / whom引导定从，介词的选择要考虑与先行词的搭配及产生的意义差别
例1：The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication， especially at work a good impression is a must.（2014年 江苏卷）
A. which B. when
C. as D. where
分析：先行词为work，在定从中做地点状语，故选D。此类设题的常见先行词还有atmosphere， activity， environment， position， process等，where或in which引导定从皆可。
例2：September 30 is the day which you must pay your bill.（2014年 全国大纲卷）
A. by B. for
C. with D. in
分析：句意为“你必须在9月30日前结账”，by有“到……为止，在……之前”的意思，故选A。
八、each， both， some， half， most， all + of + which / whom， 表示部分或全部
例1：He wrote many children s books， nearly half of were published in the 1990s.（2015年 重庆卷）
A. whom B. which
C. them D. That
分析：根据句间逗号判断，为非限制性定从，表示部分且指代books，故选B。
例2：English is a language shared by several diverse cultures， uses it differently. （2014年 天津卷）
A. all of which B. each of which
C. all of them D. each of them
分析：根据句间逗号判断，为非限制性定从，排除C和D，又根据定从谓动uses，主语应是单数，故选B。
巩固练习
1. Creating an atmosphere employees feel part of a team is a big challenge. （2015年 浙江卷）
A. as B. whose
C. in which D. at which
2. The books on the desk， covers are shiny， are prizes for us. （2015年 四川卷）
A. which B. what
C. whose D. that
3. Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon school education depends. （2015年 安徽卷） A. it B. that
C. whose D. which
4. Students should involve themselves in community activities they can gain experience for growth. （2014年 福建卷）
A. who B. when
C. which D. where
5. I am looking forward to the day my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her. （2014年 湖南卷）
A. as B. why
C. when D. where
6. Please send us all the information you have about the candidate for the position. （2014年 陕西卷）
A. that B. which
C. as D. what
7. Until now， we have raised 50，000 pounds for the poor children， is quite unexpected. （2014年 四川卷）
A. that B. which
C. who D. it
8. Well reach the sales targets in a month we set at the beginning of the year. （2014年 重庆卷）
A. which B. where
C. when D. what
9. I dont become a serious climber until the fifth grade， I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree. （2014年 浙江卷）
A. when B. where
C. which D. why
10. A company profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad. （2014年 山东卷）
A. which B. whose
C. who D. why
11. Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012， made one of the Chinese peoples longheld dreams come true. （2013年 安徽卷）
A. it B. that
C. what D. which
12. Many countries are now setting up national parks animals and plants can be protected. （2013年 北京卷）
A. when B. which
C. whose D. where
13. The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those lives were affected. （2013年 福建卷）
A. whose B. that
C. who D. which
14. Happiness and success often come to those are good at recognizing their own strengths. （2013年 湖南卷）
A. whom B. who
C. what D. which
15. The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China， he remembers starting as early as his childhood. （2013年 江苏卷）
A. where B. which
C. what D. when
16. He wrote a letter he explains what had happened in the accident. （2013年 江西卷）
A. what B. which
C. where D. how
17. Finally he reached a lonely island was completely cut off from the outside world. （2013年 山东卷）
A. when B. where
C. which D. whom
18. Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment they live. （2013年 四川卷）
A. what B. which
C. when D. where
19. We have launched another manmade satellite， is announced in todays newspaper. （2013年 天津卷） A. that B. which
C. who D. what
20. When I arrived， Bryan took me to see the house I would be staying. （2013年 全国Ⅱ）
A. what B. when
C. where D. which
21. John invited about 40 people to his wedding， most of are family members. （2013年 重庆卷）
A. them B. that
C. which D. whom
22. “You cant judge a book by its cover，” . （2013课标全国卷Ⅰ）
A. as the saying goes old
B. goes as the old saying
C. as the old saying goes
D. goes as old the saying
23. An ecosystem consists of the living and nonliving things in an area interact with one another. （2013年 上海卷）
A. that B. where
C. who D. what
24. The museum will open in the spring with an exhibition and a viewing platform visitors can watch the big glasshouses being built. （2013年 浙江卷）
A. what B. where
C. when D. why
25. The children， had played the whole day long， were worn out. （2013年 浙江卷）
A. all of what B. all of which
C. all of them D. all of whom
参考答案
1—5 CCDDC 6—10 BBAAB 11—15 DDABB 16—20 CCDBC 21—25 DCABD
（作者：朱先忠，江苏省镇江中学）