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一、动词不定式的含义
动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式,其结构为“to+动词原形”,其中to不是介词,而是动词不定式的符号,动词不定式没有人称和数的变化。动词不定式和其后面的名词等构成不定式短语,在句子中可以用作主语、表语、宾语、补足语、定语、状语等。
二、动词不定式的具体用法
(一)不定式作主语
1.动词不定式可以放在句首作句子的主语,表示某个具体或将来的动作。
如:To swim in the river is dangerous.
2.在现代英语中为了平衡句子,人们常用先行词it作形式主语,而把真正的主语——不定式放在后边。如:
1)It+be+名词+to do
It’s our duty to take good care of the old.
2)It takes sb.+some time+to do
How long did it take you to finish the work?
3)It+be+形容词+for sb.+to do
It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in an hour.
It +be+形容词+of sb. +to do
It stupid of you to write down everything the teacher says.
5)It seems(appears)十形容词+to do
It seemed impossible to save money.
3.在句型3)中,常用表示客观情况的形容词,如:difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary等;
句型4)中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,1azy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等表示赞扬或批评的词。
不定式前的sb,可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于sb is+形容词+to do句式,如:It’s kind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to help me with my English.
(二)不定式作宾浯
1.可以接带to的动词不定式作宾语的动词主要有:要求选择同意(ask,choose,agree),期望决定学习(expect,hope,decide,learn),宁可假装知道(prefer,pretend,know),希望想要愿意(wish,want,would like/love)。如:
We decided to talk to some students about their study.
He prefers to eat white bread and rice.
I’d love to visit Mexico.
2.动词decide,know,learn,show,teach,tell…,介词结构 on.可用疑问词带to的不定式短语作宾语,但why后面的不定式不带to。如:
Could you please tell me where to park my car?
It gives advice on what to do in lots of different situations.
3.动词feel,find,make,think等后面,可以用计作形式宾语代替真正的宾语——动词不定式,句子结构是…feel/find/make,/…it+adj,/n.+ to do…。如:
I find it difficult to remember everything.
4.既可接动词不定式又可接动词的-ing形式作宾语,意思差别不太大的动词有begin,start,like,love等。一般说来,动词不定式表一次、数次的具体动作、将来动作或动作的全过程,动词的-ing形式表示习惯性的连续动作。但是这种区别并不很严格,特别是美国英语中,即使是习惯性的动作也可以用动词不定式。如:
Then I started to watch English-language TV.
I’m beginning to understand my Chinese roots,and who I am.
begin用了进行时态,后面只接不定式作宾语,表示事情刚开始,还要继续下去。
I like to eat vegetables.
感知动词like,love,know等一般不用进行时态。
5.后接动词不定式或动词的—lng形式作宾语,意思差别较大的动词有forget,remember等。
后接不定式作宾语,表动作尚未发生;后接动词的-ing形式作宾语,表动作已经发生。
stop to do sth.停下来做另外一件事;
stop doing sth.停止做、不做当前这件事。
try to do sth.尽力做某事
try doing sth.试着做某事
go on to do sth.接着做另外的事
go on doing sth.继续做原来的事 如:When I left home,I had forgotten to bring it with me.
I stopped using them last year.
(三)不定式作定语
不定式在句中作定语,置于被修饰的名词或代词之后,为后置定语。如:
1.表示将来的动作
The next train to arrive is from Washington.
2.与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,如是不及物动词,则需加介词。如:
I have so many chores to do today.(do chores做家务)
Do you have a partner to study with?(study with a partner 和同伴学习)
3.与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,同时与句中其他词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时,尽管有被动含义,却仍用主动语态。如:
Do you have anything to say on the question?(You say something.)
Would you please give me some paper to write on?(I write on the paper.)
My wish to visit France has come true at last.(My wish is to visit France.)
如只有动宾关系,而无逻辑上的主谓关系,则需用被动语态。如:
Have you anything to be taken to your sister?
4.不定式作定语时,一般可转换为定语从句.如:1.1)中的to arrive=that will arrive。
(四)不定式作宾语补足语
一些及物动词除要求接宾语外,有时还需要有宾语补足语,说明宾语的行为、状态、特征,这样意思才相对完整。
1.不可以省to的不定式作宾语补足语:
tell/ask/want/would like/wish/1ikc/invite/encourage/teach sb. to do sth.
如:The teacher told us to come earlier tomorrow.
老师告诉我们明天要早点来。
I want you to go now.
我想让你现在就走。
Her parents wish her to be a teacher.
她父母希望她当老师。
2.省to的不定式作宾语补足语:
Let/make/have sb. do sth.
Let the boy go out now.
让那个男孩现在出去。
The boy made the baby cry.
男孩弄哭了这个婴儿。
3.可省可不省to的宾语补定语:
Help sb.(to)dosth.
I often help my mother(to)do housework.
我经常帮妈妈做家务。
注意:1)动词不定式的否定式是直接在to之前加not。如:
Tell them not to play football in the street.
告诉他们不要在街道上踢足球。
2)省to的动词不定式的否定式是直接在动词前面加not.如:
Let the boy not go.
让那个男孩别走。
3)如果将主动语态变为被动语态时,作宾语补足语的动词不定式变为主语补足语,动词不定式则不省to。即原来省的再加上,如:
The boy made the baby cry.
The baby was made to cry by the boy.
那个婴儿被男孩弄哭了。
三、动词不定式的时态、语态
(一)时态
1.一般式:动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后,有时表示同时发生。如:
I hope to be come a university student this year.(to be come发生在hope之后)
We often hear Dick play the piano in thrnext FOOFB.(play和hear同时发生)
2.完成式:表示的动作发生在谓浯动问所表示的动作之前。如:
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.
We arc too young to have seen the old society.
进行式:表示的动作与谓语动词同时发牛。如:
The teacher happened to be correcting our papers when I call in.
They seemed to be discussing something important.
(二)语态
1.如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者,不定式一般要用被动语态形式。如:
It’s a great honour to be invited to Mary’s birthday party.(不定式作主语)
It was impossible for lost time to be made up.(不定式作主语)
I wish to be sent to work in the country. (不定式作状语)
Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?(不定式作宾语)
He went to the hospital to be examined. (不定式作状语)
2.在there如结构中,修饰主语的不定式可用被动,也可用主动。如:
There are still many things to take care of(to be taken care of).
但有时两种形式表达的意思不同,如:
These is nothing to do now.(We have nothing to do now.)
There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.)
动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式,其结构为“to+动词原形”,其中to不是介词,而是动词不定式的符号,动词不定式没有人称和数的变化。动词不定式和其后面的名词等构成不定式短语,在句子中可以用作主语、表语、宾语、补足语、定语、状语等。
二、动词不定式的具体用法
(一)不定式作主语
1.动词不定式可以放在句首作句子的主语,表示某个具体或将来的动作。
如:To swim in the river is dangerous.
2.在现代英语中为了平衡句子,人们常用先行词it作形式主语,而把真正的主语——不定式放在后边。如:
1)It+be+名词+to do
It’s our duty to take good care of the old.
2)It takes sb.+some time+to do
How long did it take you to finish the work?
3)It+be+形容词+for sb.+to do
It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in an hour.
It +be+形容词+of sb. +to do
It stupid of you to write down everything the teacher says.
5)It seems(appears)十形容词+to do
It seemed impossible to save money.
3.在句型3)中,常用表示客观情况的形容词,如:difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary等;
句型4)中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,1azy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等表示赞扬或批评的词。
不定式前的sb,可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于sb is+形容词+to do句式,如:It’s kind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to help me with my English.
(二)不定式作宾浯
1.可以接带to的动词不定式作宾语的动词主要有:要求选择同意(ask,choose,agree),期望决定学习(expect,hope,decide,learn),宁可假装知道(prefer,pretend,know),希望想要愿意(wish,want,would like/love)。如:
We decided to talk to some students about their study.
He prefers to eat white bread and rice.
I’d love to visit Mexico.
2.动词decide,know,learn,show,teach,tell…,介词结构 on.可用疑问词带to的不定式短语作宾语,但why后面的不定式不带to。如:
Could you please tell me where to park my car?
It gives advice on what to do in lots of different situations.
3.动词feel,find,make,think等后面,可以用计作形式宾语代替真正的宾语——动词不定式,句子结构是…feel/find/make,/…it+adj,/n.+ to do…。如:
I find it difficult to remember everything.
4.既可接动词不定式又可接动词的-ing形式作宾语,意思差别不太大的动词有begin,start,like,love等。一般说来,动词不定式表一次、数次的具体动作、将来动作或动作的全过程,动词的-ing形式表示习惯性的连续动作。但是这种区别并不很严格,特别是美国英语中,即使是习惯性的动作也可以用动词不定式。如:
Then I started to watch English-language TV.
I’m beginning to understand my Chinese roots,and who I am.
begin用了进行时态,后面只接不定式作宾语,表示事情刚开始,还要继续下去。
I like to eat vegetables.
感知动词like,love,know等一般不用进行时态。
5.后接动词不定式或动词的—lng形式作宾语,意思差别较大的动词有forget,remember等。
后接不定式作宾语,表动作尚未发生;后接动词的-ing形式作宾语,表动作已经发生。
stop to do sth.停下来做另外一件事;
stop doing sth.停止做、不做当前这件事。
try to do sth.尽力做某事
try doing sth.试着做某事
go on to do sth.接着做另外的事
go on doing sth.继续做原来的事 如:When I left home,I had forgotten to bring it with me.
I stopped using them last year.
(三)不定式作定语
不定式在句中作定语,置于被修饰的名词或代词之后,为后置定语。如:
1.表示将来的动作
The next train to arrive is from Washington.
2.与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,如是不及物动词,则需加介词。如:
I have so many chores to do today.(do chores做家务)
Do you have a partner to study with?(study with a partner 和同伴学习)
3.与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,同时与句中其他词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时,尽管有被动含义,却仍用主动语态。如:
Do you have anything to say on the question?(You say something.)
Would you please give me some paper to write on?(I write on the paper.)
My wish to visit France has come true at last.(My wish is to visit France.)
如只有动宾关系,而无逻辑上的主谓关系,则需用被动语态。如:
Have you anything to be taken to your sister?
4.不定式作定语时,一般可转换为定语从句.如:1.1)中的to arrive=that will arrive。
(四)不定式作宾语补足语
一些及物动词除要求接宾语外,有时还需要有宾语补足语,说明宾语的行为、状态、特征,这样意思才相对完整。
1.不可以省to的不定式作宾语补足语:
tell/ask/want/would like/wish/1ikc/invite/encourage/teach sb. to do sth.
如:The teacher told us to come earlier tomorrow.
老师告诉我们明天要早点来。
I want you to go now.
我想让你现在就走。
Her parents wish her to be a teacher.
她父母希望她当老师。
2.省to的不定式作宾语补足语:
Let/make/have sb. do sth.
Let the boy go out now.
让那个男孩现在出去。
The boy made the baby cry.
男孩弄哭了这个婴儿。
3.可省可不省to的宾语补定语:
Help sb.(to)dosth.
I often help my mother(to)do housework.
我经常帮妈妈做家务。
注意:1)动词不定式的否定式是直接在to之前加not。如:
Tell them not to play football in the street.
告诉他们不要在街道上踢足球。
2)省to的动词不定式的否定式是直接在动词前面加not.如:
Let the boy not go.
让那个男孩别走。
3)如果将主动语态变为被动语态时,作宾语补足语的动词不定式变为主语补足语,动词不定式则不省to。即原来省的再加上,如:
The boy made the baby cry.
The baby was made to cry by the boy.
那个婴儿被男孩弄哭了。
三、动词不定式的时态、语态
(一)时态
1.一般式:动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后,有时表示同时发生。如:
I hope to be come a university student this year.(to be come发生在hope之后)
We often hear Dick play the piano in thrnext FOOFB.(play和hear同时发生)
2.完成式:表示的动作发生在谓浯动问所表示的动作之前。如:
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.
We arc too young to have seen the old society.
进行式:表示的动作与谓语动词同时发牛。如:
The teacher happened to be correcting our papers when I call in.
They seemed to be discussing something important.
(二)语态
1.如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者,不定式一般要用被动语态形式。如:
It’s a great honour to be invited to Mary’s birthday party.(不定式作主语)
It was impossible for lost time to be made up.(不定式作主语)
I wish to be sent to work in the country. (不定式作状语)
Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?(不定式作宾语)
He went to the hospital to be examined. (不定式作状语)
2.在there如结构中,修饰主语的不定式可用被动,也可用主动。如:
There are still many things to take care of(to be taken care of).
但有时两种形式表达的意思不同,如:
These is nothing to do now.(We have nothing to do now.)
There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.)