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认知障碍包括从轻度认知功能障碍到痴呆的多个临床过程，目前已经成为一个严重的公共卫生问题，由于尚无有效治疗方案，给患者家庭和社会造成了沉重的经济和精神负担，因此寻找有效的干预手段显得至关重要。维生素D(Vitamin D，VitD)是人体必需的一种营养元素，越来越多的证据表明，它除了参与钙磷代谢，还参与许多骨代谢外的生物学反应，包括一系列神经系统调控过程。多项研究表明VitD缺乏与认知功能下降有关，但目前对这种关联性的调节机制知之甚少，并且为了VitD的临床应用，仍需要解决VitD适用人群、用药剂量等问题，因此本文总结分析血清VitD水平对不同人群认知功能的影响、VitD干预性研究的进展及其可能的作用机制，希望能为VitD治疗认知障碍的临床应用提供参考。VitD缺乏与不同人群认知功能下降均相关，并且VitD能够通过减轻Aβ毒性、抗炎、抗氧化应激等多种机制改善认知功能，其补充疗法有望成为治疗认知障碍的重要手段，未来还需要大规模纵向队列研究来确定最佳给药剂量及疗程等。“,”Cognitive impairment includes several clinical processes from mild cognitive impairment to dementia, and now it has been a serious public health problem, as there is no effective treatment, it has caused a heavy economic and psychological burden on the family and society, therefore, it seems important to find effective intervention means.Vitamin D is an essential nutrient element for the human body, more and more evidences show that it also participates in many extraskeletal biological reactions, such as nervous system regulatory processes, in addition to calcium and phosphorus metabolism.Several researches have revealed that Vitamin D deficiency is associated with impaired cognition, the mechanisms mediating this link are poorly understood, what's more, for further clinical application, we need to solve the problems like choosing the suitable populations and drug dosage, therefore, this article summarizes and analyzes the effects of serum Vitamin D levels on the cognitive function of different populations, the research progress of Vitamin D intervention research and its possible mechanism of action, hoping to provide references for the clinical application of Vitamin D in the treatment of cognitive impairment.The results show that Vitamin D deficiency is related to the decline of cognitive function in different populations, and Vitamin D can improve cognitive function through reducing Aβ toxicity, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress and other mechanisms, its supplementation is expected to be an important measure of treating cognitive impairment, in the future, large-scale longitudinal cohort studies are needed to determine the optimal dosage and duration of treatment.