Background:Talaromyces (Penicillium)effei (TM) is an emerging dimorphic human pathogenic fungus that is endemic to Southeast Asia.TM mostly occurs as an opportunistic infection in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).The objective of this study was to compare the clinical and laboratory parameters of patients with TM infections who were HIV-positive and HIV-negative and to assess therapies and outcomes.Methods:This was a retrospective analysis of 26 patients diagnosed with disseminated TM infection from September 2005 to April 2014 at Fujian Provincial Hospital,China.Results:Patients with TM infection tend to present with fever,weight loss,and anemia.The time from symptom onset to confirmed diagnosis was greater for HIV-negative patients (n =7; median:60 days,range:14-365 days) than for HIV-positive patients (n =19; median:30 days,range:3-90 days,Mann Whitney U=31.50,P =0.041).HIV-negative patients were more likely to have dyspnea (57.1％ vs.5.3％,x2 =8.86,P =0.010),low neutrophil count (Mann-Whitney U =27.00,P =0.029),high CD4 count (Mann-Whitney U =0.00,P =0.009),and high lymphocyte count (Mann-Whitney U =21.00,P =0.009).There were no significant differences in other demographic,clinical,or biochemical characteristics.Among all the patients,12 HIV-positive patient and 1 HIV-negative patient received amphotericin and fluconazole treatment,9 of whom improved,1 died,2 had kidney damage,1 had hypokalemia due to exceeded doses.Conclusions:HIV-negative patients with TM infections tend to have a longer diagnostic interval,a higher percentage of dyspnea,higher levels of CD4 and lymphocytes,and lower neutrophil counts than TM infection in HIV-positive patients.Treatment programs with amphotericin and fluconazole are mostly effective.