在讨论系统定义或系统特征的国内文献中,常常出现“总体”和“整体”的词汇。在国外文献中,也常出现set(集)、totality(总体)、overall(总体上)、whole(整体)、unity(整体、统一体)和entity(统一体、实体)等词汇。对于这些词汇,我们没有兴趣去咬文嚼字。现在为了确切理解和表述“系统”的本义,不得不在这里讨论“总体” In the domestic literature discussing system definitions or system features, “overall” and “whole” terms often appear. In foreign literature, words such as “set”, “totality”, “overall”, “whole”, “unity” and “entity” also appear frequently. We are not interested in these words. Now in order to accurately understand and express the original meaning of “system,” we have to discuss here the “overall”