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以往考察儒家问题时,主要有两个视角:第一,只顾其思想与学说,并且先秦时期高度理性化与宋明时期高度理论化的儒家学说还具有先入为主的地位;第二,更多地是注意儒教中的信仰观念,包括它的鬼神崇拜、祖先崇拜以及天命观念。此外,有不少研究虽也注意到儒家丰富的伦理道德资源,但往往是从纯粹的思想来论述的,因此即便冠以儒教的名称,其宗教性特征其实并未得到彰显。这些现象都表明,我们现在对儒教的理解还存在着很多误解。本文试图从一些新的视角来考察儒教问题。全文由六个部分组成:(1)儒教形成的时间概念,共包括五个节点,即周代、春秋战国、西汉、东汉和魏晋南北朝;(2)儒教的主要信仰观念有四个方面:鬼神崇拜、祖先崇拜、占卜与巫术、天命论;(3)儒教或儒学的两个问题:由祭祀活动导致了仪式化和形式化,作为儒家精英层面与社会普通层面的疏离或隔离;(4)儒教在宋代以后出现了新气象,这主要是儒教共同体的形成以及儒教从原本的信仰性宗教发展成伦理性宗教;(5)儒教伦理的一个突出表现即是戒律化,并且有法规的担保,这与犹太教是相似的;(6)儒教伦理的另一个突出表现即是普世性,其中包含了大量人道、仁爱、趋善、改过的内容,所有这些都是儒教与基督教相同的地方。而宋代以后的伦理性儒教正是儒教的精华所在。
In the past, when examining Confucianism, there were mainly two perspectives: first, focusing only on its thoughts and theories; and pre-Qin highly rationalized Confucianism was highly pre-eminent in the Song and Ming Dynasties. Second, more was Note the notion of faith in Confucianism, including its ghost worship, ancestor worship, and the concept of heaven. In addition, although many studies have noticed that Confucianism is rich in ethical resources, it is often discussed from pure thought. Therefore, even if Confucianism is given the religious character of Confucianism, it is actually not highlighted. All these phenomena show that there are still many misunderstandings about our understanding of Confucianism now. This article attempts to examine Confucianism from some new perspectives. The full text consists of six parts: (1) The concept of time formed by Confucianism consists of five nodes, namely the Zhou Dynasty, the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States Period, the Western Han Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Wei, Jin and the Southern and Northern Dynasties; (2) Confucianism has four main beliefs: (3) Confucianism or Confucianism: ritualization and formalization are caused by ritual activities as alienation or isolation from the ordinary level of Confucian elites; 4) The emergence of a new atmosphere of Confucianism after the Song Dynasty was mainly due to the formation of the Confucian community and the development of Confucianism from an original religious religion to an ethical religion. (5) A salient manifestation of Confucian ethics is the commandment, and there are statutory Guarantees that this is similar to Judaism; (6) Another prominent manifestation of Confucian ethics is universal, which contains a great deal of humane, benevolent, good, and reformed content, all of which are the same place of Confucianism and Christianity . The ethical Confucianism after the Song Dynasty is the essence of Confucianism.