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一、前言马奇(March)与奥尔森(Olsen)两人整理20世纪50年代政治学研究时,指出其中五个特征与缺失,包括:语境论(contextualism),将制度视为社会整体之一部分而不加以区分;化约论(reductionalism),把宏观的政治现象化约为个体行为的汇集,不愿将政治的产生归因于制度;功利主义(utilitarianism),将政治行为视为自我利益的算计而不是责任与义务;功能主义(functionalism),历史被有效的机制所决定而忽略其无效率的一面;工具主义(instrumentalism),从资
I. INTRODUCTION When March and Olsen collated political studies in the 1950s, they pointed out five of the features and shortcomings, including: contextualism, and the system as a social whole The reductionalism reduces the macroscopic political phenomenon to a collection of individual behaviors and refuses to attribute the political production to the system. Utilitarianism refers to the political behavior as self The calculation of the benefits rather than the responsibilities and obligations; the functionalism, where history is dictated by effective mechanisms, ignoring its inefficiency; instrumentalism,