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土壤微生物多样性研究是整个生态系统研究中最薄弱的环节之一。高通量测序技术和生物信息学方法的快速发展极大地促进了土壤微生物多样性监测研究的深度和广度。目前世界范围内已经开展了一些综合的微生物多样性研究计划,如地球微生物计划。这些计划存在的主要问题是缺少动态的监测、研究方法不统一、数据整合困难等。中国土壤微生物多样性监测网(Soil Microbial Observation Network,SMON)是中国生物多样性监测与研究网络(Chinese Biodiversity Monitoring and Research Network,Sino BON)的重要组成部分,本文中我们对该监测网的建设提出了一些思考。在监测布局上建议选择我国南北水热梯度下的森林生态系统、东西降雨梯度下的草原生态系统、典型湿地生态系统及重要农田生态系统,同时依托现已建成的生物多样性监测网络观测点或大样地,布设监测样点,利用现代环境基因组学和生物信息学技术,重点围绕土壤微生物群落和功能基因组的组成与多样性,开展长期定点的动态监测。监测的结果将以名录、数据集或图鉴的形式发布,包括中国典型生态系统中土壤细菌、古菌、真菌与地衣、土壤宏基因组和重要功能基因的组成和多样性等数据,同时建设土壤生物大数据平台,达到监测数据的储存、查询、分析、下载、成图的功能。通过土壤微生物多样性监测,将阐明我国重要森林、草地、湿地、农田生态系统中土壤微生物组成、多样性、功能基因的时空变化特征和驱动机制,建立土壤微生物多样性变化与生态系统功能的关系及相关的模型,预测全球环境条件变化下土壤微生物的演变规律,为土壤微生物多样性资源的保护和利用提供科学依据。
Soil microbial diversity research is one of the weakest links in the whole ecosystem research. The rapid development of high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics methods has greatly promoted the depth and breadth of soil microbial diversity monitoring. At present, a number of integrated microbial biodiversity research programs, such as the Earth Microbiological Program, have been carried out worldwide. The main problems with these programs are the lack of dynamic monitoring, inconsistent research methods and difficulties in data integration. China Soil Microbial Observation Network (SMON) is an important part of Chinese Biodiversity Monitoring and Research Network (Sino BON). In this paper, we propose the construction of this monitoring network Some thought. In the layout of monitoring, it is suggested to choose forest ecosystems under the gradient of north-south water and heat in our country, grassland ecosystems under typical rainfall gradients, typical wetland ecosystems and important farmland ecosystems. At the same time, we should rely on observation points of the existing biodiversity monitoring network Large sample plots, laying monitoring samples, the use of modern environmental genomics and bioinformatics techniques, focusing on the composition and diversity of soil microbial communities and functional genomics, to carry out long-term fixed-point dynamic monitoring. The results of the monitoring will be published in the form of directories, datasets or pictorials, including data on the composition and diversity of soil bacteria, archaea, fungi and lichens, soil macrogenomes and important functional genes in typical ecosystems in China, Big data platform to achieve the monitoring data storage, query, analysis, download, mapping functions. Through the monitoring of soil microbial diversity, the spatial-temporal variation characteristics and driving mechanism of soil microbial composition, diversity and functional genes in important forests, grasslands, wetlands and farmland ecosystems in China will be clarified, and the relationship between the changes of soil microbial diversity and ecosystem functions will be established And related models to predict the evolution of soil microorganisms under global environmental conditions and provide a scientific basis for the conservation and utilization of soil microbial diversity resources.